Determinants of indoor benzene in Europe |
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| Institution: | 1. Imperial College London, UK;2. Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, China;3. KTL-Environmental Health, Finland;4. Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Institut Municipal d’Investigació Mèdica, Spain;5. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Spain;1. Chaire sur la pollution de l׳air, les changements climatiques et la santé, Département de santé environnementale et de santé au travail, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada;2. Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Montréal, Canada;3. Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada;4. Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada;5. Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;6. Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Natural Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia;7. Direction de santé publique de l׳Agence de la santé et des services sociaux de Montréal, Canada;8. Ouranos Consortium, Montreal, Canada;1. Brigham and Women''s Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;2. University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts;3. Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania;4. Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;6. Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts;5. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria;7. Space Coast Cancer Center, Titusville, Florida;11. African Renaissance Ambassador Corporation, Orlando, Florida;12. MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas;8. African Organization for Research and Training in Cancer, Rondebosch, South Africa;10. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;9. International Organization for Medical Physics, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Phoenix, Arizona;1. Institute of Environment of Remediation, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China;2. College of Environment and Resources, Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian 116600, China;3. Technology Center, Dandong Entry-Exit Inspection&Quarantine Bureau, Dandong 118300, China;4. College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China;1. Szent István University, Faculty of Applied Arts and Education, Department of Environmental and Health Education, Szabadság str. 4, H-5540 Szarvas, Hungary;2. University of Szeged, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biology, Somogyi str. 4, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;1. Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, CH 6500, Switzerland |
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| Abstract: | This study identified the key determinants associated with the indoor benzene concentrations that were measured between 1996 and 2000 using the EXPOLIS protocol in the residences of six European cities, including Athens (Greece), Basel (Switzerland), Helsinki (Finland), Milan (Italy), Oxford (United Kingdom), and Prague (Czech Republic). Two consecutive days of home indoor and home outdoor measurements of benzene were carried out at the homes of adult participants on different dates and seasons during the sampling period. Regression models, with interactions searched by all-possible subset method, were used to assess the city effects and the determinants of home indoor benzene (adjusted R2=0.57, n=412). Outdoor benzene concentrations, outdoor temperature, wind speed, the use of anti-moth products, and indoor smoking in terms of number of cigarettes consumed per day were shown to be the key determinants of indoor benzene concentrations. The model was further used to predict the indoor benzene levels in cities. Non-linear relationships were commonly found, indicating that a unit change in the indoor concentration cannot be simply estimated by a proportional change of the determinant, and the pattern of relationships could be differed in different places. This finding is important in formulating indoor air quality guidelines as well as calculating an accurate health risk estimate based on the estimates of population's lifetime exposure levels. |
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