典型水生生物中微塑料的累积、清除及食物链传递效应

以环境中双壳类、鱼类及节肢类等水生生物为对象，介绍了其对微塑料的累积与清除，重点分析了微塑料特性、生物特性和食物等因素对微塑料生物累积与清除的影响，并进一步概述了微塑料沿水生食物链的传递效应，阐述了其对复合污染物食物链传递的影响过程。结果发现，微塑料在水生生物中的累积、清除与其自身尺寸、形态和聚合物类型等密切相关，水生生物的结构特异性是干扰微塑料从生物体内排泄的重要因素，有无食物的环境条件是调节双壳类和节肢类生物对微塑料累积与清除的重要路径；微塑料虽然可以通过食物链由低营养级向高营养级传递，但不一定会产生生物放大效应；微塑料的载体效应导致其复合污染物的食物链传递过程发生改变，共存污染物在生物体内的释放和吸收时间是调控微塑料复合污染物食物链传递能力的重要因素。

Bioaccumulation, Removal and Trophic Transfer Effect of Microplastics in Typical Aquatic Organisms

In this study, the bioaccumulation and removal of microplastics by aquatic organisms such as bivalve shellfish, fish and arthropods in the environment were introduced. The influences of microplastics characteristics, biological characteristics and food on microplastics bioaccumulation and removal were analyzed. The trophic transfer effect of microplastics in aquatic organisms was further summarized, and the process of its influence on trophic transfer of combined contaminants was expounded. It was found that the bioaccumulation and removal of microplastics in aquatic organisms were closely related to their size, shape and polymer type. The structural specificity of aquatic organisms was an important factor that interfered with the excretion of microplastics from organisms. Environmental conditions with or without food were important pathways to regulate the accumulation and removal of microplastics by bivalve shellfish and arthropods. Although microplastics could be transfered from low trophic level to high trophic level, they did not necessarily had a biological amplification effect. The carrier effect of microplastics caused changes in trophic transfer of combined contaminants. The release and absorption time of co-existing contaminants in organisms were important factors regulating trophic transfer ability of microplastics combined contaminants.