Developing a CFD heat transfer model for applying high expansion foam in an LNG spill |
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Affiliation: | 1. Mary Kay O''Connor Process Safety Center, USA;2. Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, 77843-3122, USA |
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Abstract: | Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is widely used to cost-effectively store and transport natural gas. However, a spill of LNG can create a vapor cloud, which can potentially cause fire and explosion. High expansion (HEX) foam is recommended by the NFPA 11 to mitigate the vapor hazard and control LNG pool fire. In this study, the parameters that affect HEX foam performance were examined using lab-scale testing of foam temperature profile and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of heat transfer in vapor channels. A heat transfer model using ANSYS Fluent® was developed to estimate the minimum HEX foam height that allows the vapors from LNG spillage to disperse rapidly. We also performed a sensitivity analysis on the effect of the vaporization rate, the diameter of the vapor channel, and the heat transfer coefficient on the required minimum height of the HEX foam. It can be observed that at least 1.2 m of HEX foam in height are needed to achieve risk mitigation in a typical situation. The simulation results can be used not only for understanding the heat transfer mechanisms when applying HEX foam but also for suggesting to the LNG facility operator how much HEX foam they need for effective risk mitigation under different conditions. |
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Keywords: | Process safety Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) High expansion foam LNG spill Risk mitigation Computational Fluid Dynamics High Expansion foam Large Eddy Simulation Liquid Nitrogen Liquefied Natural Gas Liquefied Petroleum Gas Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center National Fire Protection Association Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration Renormalization Group k-ε Radiative Transfer Equation Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations User-Defined Function Volume of Fluid |
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