基于制造业及劳动力异质性的环境规制就业效应

将环境规制的就业影响识别为：劳动投入-污染排放弹性、环境规制的相对成本和环境规制-污染排放弹性，并利用2003~2017年的制造业行业面板数据进行实证检验.结果表明：环境规制对制造业总体就业造成显著负向影响，且该影响主要体现在劳动密集型行业中，其研发和非研发人员均受到显著负向冲击；资本密集型行业受影响不显著；技术密集型行业总体就业和非研发人员就业受到显著正向影响.弹性和相对成本测算表明，劳动密集型行业受到规模（减小）、挤出、技术替代等多效应的负向冲击；技术密集型行业受规模（增大）效应和就业创造效应的正向促进；资本密集型行业中各效应均不明显.建议有关部门通过减排成本补贴、劳动力技能培训、新型环保产业培育等措施减少环境规制的负向就业影响.

The employment effects of environmental regulation based on the heterogeneity of the manufacturing industry and labor force

In this paper, the employment impact of environmental regulation was identified as the labor input related pollutant emission elasticity, the environmental regulation related pollutant emission elasticity, and the relative cost of environmental regulation. An empirical test based on the panel data from 2003 through 2017 revealed that environmental regulation adversely impacted the overall employment of the manufacturing industry (particularly in labor-intensive industries, research, and non-research personnel in the industries). However, it had a positive impact on technology-intensive sectors and non-research personnel's employment in the industries. However, the impact on capital-intensive industries remained negligible. Furthermore, the results yielded in the elasticity, and relative cost calculation demonstrates that labor-intensive industries subjected to the negative impact such as scale (decrease), crowding out, and technological substitution. Contrastingly, the technology-intensive industries are positively promoted by the scale (increase) effect and job-creation effect. The capital-intensive industries remain unaffected by the impact. Therefore, relevant departments are encouraged to implement measures such as providing subsidies to compensate for emission reduction costs, organize training sessions for the labor force, and cultivating new environmental protection industries to alleviate the negative impact of environmental regulation on employment.