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THE CASE FOR DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HAZARDOUS MATERIALS1 |
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| Authors: | John Cairns |
| Abstract: | ABSTRACT: Direct measurement of response thresholds of complex biological systems to toxic chemicals is now possible using microcosms and other simulation techniques. Extrapolation to no-observable response using application factors and data from single species toxicity tests is less precise than direct measurements. |
| Keywords: | ecotoxicology hazardous materials regulatory criteria toxicity testing application factors aquatic toxicology |