Evaluation of in vitro vs. in vivo methods for assessment of dermal absorption of organic flame retardants: A review |
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| Institution: | 1. Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;2. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt;1. State Key Laboratory for Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;2. Department of Biomedical Veterinary Sciences, Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Canada;3. Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China;4. Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China;5. Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, USA;1. School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;2. School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453007, China;1. NCI Laboratory of Toxicology and Toxicokinetics, 111 T W Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA;2. Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA |
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| Abstract: | There is a growing interest to study human dermal exposure to a large number of chemicals, whether in the indoor or outdoor environment. Such studies are essential to predict the systemic exposure to xenobiotic chemicals for risk assessment purposes and to comply with various regulatory guidelines. However, very little is currently known about human dermal exposure to persistent organic pollutants. While recent pharmacokinetic studies have highlighted the importance of dermal contact as a pathway of human exposure to brominated flame retardants, risk assessment studies had to apply assumed values for percutaneous penetration of various flame retardants (FRs) due to complete absence of specific experimental data on their human dermal bioavailability. Therefore, this article discusses the current state-of-knowledge on the significance of dermal contact as a pathway of human exposure to FRs. The available literature on in vivo and in vitro methods for assessment of dermal absorption of FRs in human and laboratory animals is critically reviewed. Finally, a novel approach for studying human dermal absorption of FRs using in vitro three-dimensional (3D) human skin equivalent models is presented and the challenges facing future dermal absorption studies on FRs are highlighted. |
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