Endocrine disrupting chemicals in the atmosphere: Their effects on humans and wildlife |
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| Institution: | 1. Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium;2. Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2630 Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium;3. Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2630 Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium;1. Biomedical Research Department, Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt;2. Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Egypt;3. Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt;1. Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain;2. Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA;3. Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;4. Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain |
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| Abstract: | Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous agents that interfere or disrupt the normal synthesis, secretion, transportation, binding and metabolism of natural hormones; eventually dysregulating homeostatic mechanisms, reproduction and development. They are emitted into the atmosphere during anthropogenic activities and physicochemical reactions in nature. Inhalation of these EDCs as particulate and gaseous vapors triggers their interaction with endocrine glands and exerts agonist or antagonists actions at hormone receptors. The endocrine disruption at nanogram levels of EDC's has gained concern in the last decade, due to infertility among men and women, early puberty, obesity, diabetes and cancer. Thus, the review explores the literature that addresses the major occurring EDCs in the atmosphere including phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), dioxins, alkylphenols (APs) and perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs). Sources, fate, half-life, mechanism, measured concentrations in air, bioaccumulation in tissues, laboratory exposures correlating to toxicological effects of these EDCs in humans and wildlife are discussed. |
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