Phytoestrogens and mycoestrogens in surface waters — Their sources,occurrence, and potential contribution to estrogenic activity |
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| Institution: | 1. State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;3. Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China;4. Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China;5. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;1. Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116, Beyazit, Istanbul, Turkey;2. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Koç University, 34010, Topkapi, Istanbul, Turkey;1. Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, 0693, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0693, USA;2. Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Little France, Edinburgh, UK;1. College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China;2. Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China;3. Saybagh District Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, China;4. Jiaozuo Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of P.R. China, Jiaozuo 454001, Henan, China;1. Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People’s Republic of China;2. College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, People’s Republic of China;3. Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium;4. Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People’s Republic of China;5. College of Aminal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People''s Republic of China |
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| Abstract: | This review discusses the potential contribution of phytoestrogens and mycoestrogens to in vitro estrogenic activities occurring in surface waters and in vivo estrogenic effects in fish. Main types, sources, and pathways of entry into aquatic environment of these detected compounds were summarized. Reviewed concentrations of phyto/mycoestrogens in surface waters were mostly undetectable or in low ng/L ranges, but exceeded tens of μg/L for the flavonoids biochanin A, daidzein and genistein at some sites. While a few phytosterols were reported to occur at relatively high concentrations in surface waters, information about their potencies in in vitro systems is very limited, and contradictory in some cases. The relative estrogenic activities of compounds (compared to standard estrogen 17β-estradiol) by various in vitro assays were included, and found to differ by orders of magnitude. These potencies were used to estimate total potential estrogenic activities based on chemical analyses of phyto/mycoestrogens. In vivo effective concentrations of waterborne phyto/mycoestrogens were available only for biochanin A, daidzein, formononetin, genistein, equol, sitosterol, and zearalenone. The lowest observable effect concentrations in vivo were reported for the mycoestrogen zearalenone. This compound and especially its metabolites also elicited the highest in vitro estrogenic potencies. Despite the limited information available, the review documents low contribution of phyto/mycoestrogens to estrogenic activity in vast majority of surface waters, but significant contribution to in vitro responses and potentially also to in vivo effects in areas with high concentrations. |
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