Assessing the relationship between perfluoroalkyl substances,thyroid hormones and binding proteins in pregnant women; a longitudinal mixed effects approach |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Clinic, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Sykehusveien 38, NO-9038 Tromsø, Norway;2. Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU — Norwegian Institute of Air Research, Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, NO-296 Tromsø, Norway;3. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, NO-019 Tromsø, Norway;4. Endocrine Research Group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, NO-9019 Tromsø, Norway;1. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Clinic, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Sykehusveien 38, NO-9038 Tromsø, Norway;2. Department of Environmental Chemistry, Norwegian Institute of Air Research, Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway;3. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, NO-9019 Tromsø, Norway;1. Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea;2. School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Promotion Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | The mechanisms involved in thyroid homeostasis are complex, and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been indicated to interfere at several levels in this endocrine system. Disruption of the maternal thyroid homeostasis during early pregnancy is of particular concern, where subclinical changes in maternal thyroid hormones (THs) may affect embryonic and foetal development.The present study investigated associations between THs, thyroid binding proteins (TH-BPs) and PFAS concentrations in pregnant women from Northern Norway.Women participating in The Northern Norway Mother-and-Child contaminant Cohort Study (MISA) donated a blood sample at three visits related to their pregnancy and postpartum period (during the second trimester, 3 days and 6 weeks after delivery) in the period 2007–2009. Participants were assigned to quartiles according to PFAS concentrations during the second trimester and mixed effects linear models were used to investigate potential associations between PFASs and repeated measurements of THs, TH-BPs, thyroxin binding capacity and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPOs).Women within the highest perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) quartile had 24% higher mean concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) compared to the first quartile at all sampling points. Women within the highest quartiles of perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) had 4% lower mean concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) and women within the highest quartile of perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA) had 3% lower mean concentrations of free triiodothyronine (FT3). Further, the difference in concentrations and the changes between three time points were the same for the PFAS quartiles. Thyroxin binding capacity was associated with all the THs and TH-BPs, and was selected as a holistic adjustment for individual changes in TH homeostasis during pregnancy. Finally, adjusting for maternal iodine status did not influence the model predictions.Findings in the present study suggest modifications of TH homeostasis by PFASs in a background exposed maternal population. The variation in levels of THs between PFAS quartiles was within normal reference ranges and may not be of clinical significance in the pregnant woman. However, subtle individual changes in maternal THs may have significant consequences for foetal health. |
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