Recreational swimmers' exposure to Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Chesapeake Bay,Maryland, USA |
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| Institution: | 1. University of Maryland, Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, PO Box 775, Cambridge, MD 21601, USA;2. University of Maryland, School of Public Health, Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, 2234P SPH Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA;3. National Ocean Service (NOS), National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), Cooperative Oxford Laboratory (COL), 904 S. Morris Street, Oxford, MD 21654, USA;4. University of Maryland, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 2234H SPH Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA;5. Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, 104 CEOAS Administration Building, Corvallis, OR, USA;1. Tianjin University Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;2. South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China |
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| Abstract: | Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are ubiquitous in the marine–estuarine environment, but the magnitude of human non-ingestion exposure to these waterborne pathogens is largely unknown. We evaluated the magnitude of dermal exposure to V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus among swimmers recreating in Vibrio-populated waters by conducting swim studies at four swimming locations in the Chesapeake Bay in 2009 and 2011. Volunteers (n = 31) swam for set time periods, and surface water (n = 25) and handwash (n = 250) samples were collected. Samples were analyzed for Vibrio concentrations using quantitative PCR. Linear and logistic regressions were used to evaluate factors associated with recreational exposures. Mean surface water V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus concentrations were 1128 CFU mL? 1 (95% confidence interval (CI): 665.6, 1591.4) and 18 CFU mL? 1 (95% CI: 9.8, 26.1), respectively, across all sampling locations. Mean Vibrio concentrations in handwash samples (V. vulnificus, 180 CFU cm? 2 (95% CI: 136.6, 222.5); V. parahaemolyticus, 3 CFU cm? 2 (95% CI: 2.4, 3.7)) were significantly associated with Vibrio concentrations in surface water (V. vulnificus, p < 0.01; V. parahaemolyticus, p < 0.01), but not with salinity or temperature (V. vulnificus, p = 0.52, p = 0.17; V. parahaemolyticus, p = 0.82, p = 0.06). Handwashing reduced V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus on subjects' hands by approximately one log (93.9%, 89.4%, respectively). It can be concluded that when Chesapeake Bay surface waters are characterized by elevated concentrations of Vibrio, swimmers and individuals working in those waters could experience significant dermal exposures to V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus, increasing their risk of infection. |
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