Development of biodiversity in field margins recently taken out of production and adjacent ditch banks in arable areas |
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| Authors: | CJM Musters F van Alebeek RHEM Geers H Korevaar A Visser GR de Snoo |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;2. Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgeving, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 8200 AK Lelystad, The Netherlands;3. Plant Research International, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;1. Gund Institute for Ecological Economics, University of Vermont, 617 Main Street, Burlington, VT 05405, USA;2. Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;1. ACTA, Site Agroparc, F-84914 Avignon, France;2. UMT Protection des Abeilles dans l’Environnement, CS 40506, F-84914 Avignon, France;3. INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, CS 40509, F-84914 Avignon, France;4. Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, UPR 1934, F-79360 Beauvoir-sur-Niort, France;5. Université de Lorraine – INRA, UMR 1121 Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement, F-54505 Vand?uvre-lès-Nancy, France;1. Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, Isla de la Cartuja, E-41092, Sevilla, Spain;2. School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 607 Gordon St., Guelph, ON, N1G 1Y2, Canada;3. Terrestrial Ecology Group, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, UIB-CSIC, E-07190, Esporles, Spain;4. CABI, Bakeham Lane, Egham, TW20 9TY, UK;5. Grupo de investigación “Transferencia de I+D en el Área de Recursos Naturales”, Universidad de Almería, Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, La Cañada (Almería), Spain;1. Biogeographical Modelling, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany;2. Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, Egypt;3. Irstea, UR EMGR, 2 rue de la Papeterie-BP 76, F-38402 St-Martin-d''Hères, France;4. Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38402 Grenoble, France;1. Finnish Environment Institute, Ecosystem Change Unit, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland;2. MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Production Research, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland;1. Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Institute of Life Sciences, Via Santa Cecilia 3, 56127, Pisa, Italy;2. Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046, Zurich, Switzerland;3. Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK;4. University of Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Fortstraße 9, 76829 Landau, Germany;5. Bordeaux Sciences Agro, University of Bordeaux, 1, Cours du Général de Gaulle CS 40201, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France;6. Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust, Fordingbridge, SP6 1?EF, UK;7. Szent István University, Plant Protection Institute, Páter K. street 1, 2100, Gödöll?, Hungary;8. Estonian University of Life sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia;9. Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 200, 6670, AE Zetten, the Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | Taking field margins out of intensive cultivation is a common form of agri-environmental scheme and on-farm nature management. Typically, no nutrients or pesticides are applied in these margins, which may be sown either with a crop or with grasses and native flowering plants. In some cases the margins are mown, while in others they are left alone. Newly established grass margins are less species-rich than field boundaries or road verges with a long history, justifying the expectation that field margins, if properly managed and given time and appropriate seed sources, could develop into relatively species-rich vegetation. We studied the biodiversity of both margins taken out of production and adjacent ditch banks in the years following initial establishment of the margins. To this end we combined the data of three different projects in order to increase the sensitivity of the statistical analyses. The results showed that the plant species richness of the field margins increased in the years following establishment over a period of four years. In addition, shifts in species composition indicated a decrease in soil nitrate concentrations. The species richness of both butterflies and dragonflies may increase. The most striking result was the marked increase in the plant species richness of the adjacent ditch banks in the five years following creation of the margins. Here, too, changes in species composition indicated a decrease in soil nitrate. In the years following establishment of the field margins there was no increase in the cover of agriculturally harmful weeds in these margins. However, the number of harmful nematodes increased. Our results show the short term effect of establishing field margins. Long term effects are still in need for further research. |
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