基于物质平衡模型的工业汞污染防治环境经济手段分析

我国以行政命令手段为主的环境管理措施并不能完全有效控制环境汞污染,因而有必要引入环境经济手段。本文基于汞在采掘、冶炼和产品生产三个生产环节中的利用、处置与排放特征,构建了经济系统及行业部门的汞物质平衡模型,并发现,单个污染源的汞污染物治理难以保证消除汞的环境危害。因而,采取环境经济手段控制工业汞污染,尽可能少的向环境中排放汞,在涉汞工业系统的层面上提高汞的利用效率和再资源化率。我国工业汞污染防治的环境经济手段包括环境污染价格、税费以及绿色金融两大类,但仅对生产环节高浓度汞排放发挥作用,对于堆存、再提取和处置环节的汞排放则作用不大。对此,应从扩大环境税(排污费)的征收范围,建立长效的绿色金融机制和推进第三方治理低含量含汞废物,这三个方面加以改进。

Analysis on Environmental Economic Solutions for Industrial Mercury Pollution Control Based on Mass Balance Model

In China, administrative regulations and intendance can hardly control industrial mercury pollution effectively, which calls for environmental economic solutions in this field. In this paper, mercury mass balance model at economic system and industrial sector level was structured, based on utilization, disposal and emission of mercury in mining, smelting and manufacturing sectors. It is found from this model environmental risk caused by mercury emissions cannot be prevented just by controlling single pollution source. In this sense, environmental economic solutions for industrial mercury pollution control should reduce mercury emissions as far as possible, and enhance utilization efficiency as well as recycling rate of mercury in the industrial system. Currently, main environmental economic solutions for industrial mercury pollution control are pollution pricing/taxing and green financing mechanisms. However, both solutions play their roles mainly on mercury emissions from industrial production stages and with high mercury concentrations, while pose limited effects on mercury emissions from mercury-containing waste stockpiling, re-extracting or disposing stages. For the improvement of environmental economic solutions as far as industrial mercury pollution control is concerned, it is recommended that the scope of environmental taxes be expanded, long-effect green financing mechanisms be established, and third-party disposal of waste with low level of mercury be promoted.