Monitoring the dry deposition of SO2 in the Netherlands: Results for grassland and heather vegetation |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0B9;2. Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA;3. Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9;4. Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8;5. Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium;6. Unité Environnement, Direction Barrages et Environnement, Hydro-Québec Production, Montreal, QC, Canada H2Z 1A4;1. Earth Change Observation Laboratory, Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 68, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;2. Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 68, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;3. Bangor University, School of Natural Sciences, Thoday Building, LL57 2UW Bangor, United Kingdom;4. University of Eastern Finland, School of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 111, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland;1. Dept. of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark;2. AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS INRA-AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78 850 Thiverval-Grignon, France;3. National Pollen and Aerobiology Research Unit, Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, UK;4. Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;5. Dept. of Geography and Geology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark;6. Dept. of Bioscience – Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;1. Department of Pathology, Boston Children''s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;2. Molecular Oncology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, 28029 Madrid, Spain;3. Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy;1. Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Mechanical Engineering Department, Crever Group, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;2. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Physics Department, Optics Group, Edifici C, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain |
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| Abstract: | An automated system based on the micrometeorological gradient technique has been developed to measure the dry deposition of SO2 on a routine basis. Measurements were made at two locations in the Netherlands. From these results dry deposition fluxes, dry deposition velocities and surface resistances for a heathland and for an agricultural grassland site were estimated using a selected set of data and a calculation procedure based on micrometeorological considerations. An extensive analysis was made to determine uncertainties in the resulting deposition parameters. From this analysis it has been concluded that the uncertainty in these parameters is almost completely determined by the random errors in measured concentrations. The meteorological surface exchange parameters can be estimated sufficiently accurately (<20% uncertainty). At the grassland site, average surface resistances to deposition of 6(±8) and 13(±12) s m−1 were calculated for wet and dry conditions, respectively. At the heathland site, a similar distinct difference between Rc values for wet and dry conditions was found. These values are 20(±21) and 70(±90) s m−1, respectively. The yearly average dry deposition flux for SO2 at the grassland site amounts to 585(±330) mol ha−1 yr−1, while at the heathland site the yearly average flux was 300(±270) mol ha−1 yr−1. The yearly average dry deposition velocity at 4 m height was 1.2(±0.3) cm s−1 at the grassland site and 0.8(±0.4) cm s−1 at the heathland site. |
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