A Review Of The Management Of Radioactive Wastes In Medical Institutes |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine, Section for Radiotherapy Physics and Engineering, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden;2. Department of Medical and Health Sciences and Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Radiation Physics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden;1. Head and Neck Unit, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Benavides Cancer Institute, Manila, Philippines;2. Brachytherapy Unit, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Benavides Cancer Institute, Manila, Philippines;3. Medical Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Benavides Cancer Institute, Manila, Philippines;4. Department of Radiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines;1. NanoBiophotonics Center, National Key Laboratory and Incubation Base of Photoelectric Technology and Functional Materials, School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi׳an 710069, PR China;2. Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta 30322, GA, USA;1. Servicio de Física y Protección Radiológica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain;2. Servicio de Radiofísica y Protección Radiológica, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain;3. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain;1. Quality MediPhys LLC, Denville, NJ 07834, USA;2. John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA;3. Medical Physics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1A4;4. Princeton Radiation Oncology Center, Monroe, NJ 08831, USA;5. Department of Radiation Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA;1. Division of Radiobiology & Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tuebingen, Germany;2. Department of Dermatology, University of Tuebingen, Germany;3. Department of Radiation Oncology, Technische Universität München (TUM), and HMGU CCG – Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology, Germany;4. Section of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Switzerland |
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| Abstract: | Amongst the waste from health care institutions, radioactive waste represents a special category since it cannot be modified or neutralized by any available conventional means. Accordingly, disposal of radioactive waste can mean only its transfer from a place where it represents some hazard to somewhere else where it can be retained without undue risk. Radioactive waste arises in health care institutes as a result of diagnostic, therapeutical or research uses of unsealed radioactive substances. Sometimes, sealed sources withdrawn from further use might also be subject to disposal. Most radionuclides used in medicine are short-lived beta-, or beta-gamma emitters and represent a low risk, if properly handled, that is if due care is taken to prevent significant contamination of the workplace and personnel. Low-activity gaseous and liquid waste can usually be discharged to the environment directly; medium-activity or high-activity waste should be stored for variable periods to allow natural decay before specialized disposal.This paper presents a review of the different types of radioactive wastes produced in hospitals, and introduces many of the sources of generation and subsequent disposal options. An example is given of the wide range of guidance available, both by national bodies in Hungary and international agencies, such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), World Health Organisation (WHO) and International Committee on Radiological Protection (ICRP). |
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