Sources and composition of aerosol from Khartoum,Sudan |
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| Institution: | 1. Earth System Modeling Center, Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China;2. School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China;3. International Pacific Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA;1. Aerosol & Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515 003 Andhra Pradesh, India;2. Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Trivandrum, 695 022 Kerala, India;1. Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências da Terra, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Évora, (Portugal);2. Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain;3. Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), Granada, Spain;4. Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Kuopio, Finland;5. Departamento de Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain |
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| Abstract: | Aerosol sampling was carried out during December 1989 in Khartoum, Sudan, using Nuclepore membrane filters. Twenty-four aerosol samples were collected and analysed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry and particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). In addition, individual particle analysis was also performed on 19 samples using electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA). Good agreement between XRF and PIXE results was obtained for most of the elements. Enrichment factor calculations indicated that soil dispersion is the dominant source for most elements in the aerosol. However, certain elements showed high enrichment factors indicating the presence of anthropogenic sources. From a comparison with available literature data it appeared that the enrichment factors for the enriched elements in the Khartoum aerosol are among the lowest recorded values for urban aerosol. Absolute principal components analysis (APCA) was performed on the data and confirmed the findings from the enrichment factor calculations, i.e. a dominant soil dispersion source and an anthropogenic source for some of the elements. Because of the very limited number of impotant aerosol sources, the data set was reporduced by the APCA model with a reasonable degree of success. Single particle analysis also showed that most of the particles were soil dust. These particles could further be differentiated into alumino-silicates, quartz and CaCO3 particles. Some of the particles were found to originate from combustion sources. EPXMA gave clues to the process of formation for some of the particles from combustion sources. |
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