人工湿地植物床-沟壕系统水质净化效果

嘉兴市石臼漾湿地以仿拟自然界的植物床-沟壕系统为主要结构单元,以人工湿地生态根孔技术为核心净化技术,将河网源水主要水质指标提高了一个类别.为探索该系统以及根孔净化技术的优化途径,于2010年5～10月在湿地内构建了16个并联的植物床-沟壕单元,以正交设计手段研究根孔构筑方式、植物组合和强化介质3种因素对人工湿地植物床-沟壕系统水质净化效果的影响.综合考虑水质净化效果、工程施工难易程度、建设及运行维护成本等情况,推荐人工湿地植物床-沟壕系统的优化途径为:根孔构筑方式采用上、下两层秸秆填埋方式,植物组合优选芦苇+菰,在植物床局部采用适量方解石作为强化介质.比较了中试强化区和大工程区的水质净化效率,结果显示:强化后的植物床-沟壕系统具有进一步提升湿地水质净化效果的潜能,对总氮、总磷、氨氮等水质指标去除率提高幅度约为20%～40%.因此在保证湿地处理水量的前提下,控制大渠过水量、增加植物床-沟壕系统内根孔区的过流量可以发挥该系统更好的水质净化效果.

Water Treatment Efficiency of Constructed Wetland Plant-Bed/Ditch Systems

Shijiuyang constructed wetland (SJY-CW) in Jiaxing City adopted plant-bed/ditch systems originated from the natural landscape as its major functioning unit. The constructed root channel technology (CRCT) is the core technique applied within the plant-bed/ditch systems. Monitoring results demonstrated that the wetland had the capability of improving water quality indexes by one rank grade according to the national environmental quality standards for surface water (GB 3838-2002). In order to optimize the water quality improvement function of plant-bed/ditch systems and CRCT, a pilot project in SJY-CW was constructed from May to October, 2010. The project contained 16 independent experimental cells. Orthogonal test design was applied to probe into the effects of constructed root channel layers, plant species combination, and reinforced physical substrates on promoting the water quality amelioration efficiency of the plant-bed/ditch systems. Comprehensively considering water treatment effects, construction difficulty, and construction and maintenance cost, the recommended optimal ways are as follows. Plant straws were preferably paved under subsurface zones by two layers with a gap of 20-30 cm. The preferable plant combination was reed (Phragmites australis) plus wild rice (Zizania caduciflora). Calcite might be applied as alternative reinforced media in some suitable sites of plant-bed/ditch systems. Water treatment effects were compared between pilot project and the whole wetland area of SJY-CW. The results showed that the reinforced pilot project exhibited higher treatment efficiency for nutrients than SJY-CW itself. The removal rates of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen were increased by about 20%-40% in the pilot project. This suggested that SJY-CW could release its vast water treatment potential by means of increasing water flux through the subsurface root channel zones of plant beds. Therefore, some adjustment and control measures could be proposed to maintain the tradeoff balance between the potential release and maximization of wetland treatment efficiency and the treated water amount, such as constructing or modifying the hydraulic structures to regulate flow amount through large ditch, redistributing water flow and increasing the water head difference between the two sides of alternate small ditches.