Environmental aspects of laser-based and conventional tool and die manufacturing |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Environmental and Sustainable Technologies (EAST) Laboratory, The University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, 2250 GG Brown Building/2350 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125, USA;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Laser Aided Manufacturing (CLAIM), The University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, 2250 GG Brown Building/2350 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125, USA;1. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA;2. Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA;3. Global Security Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA;4. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA;5. Advanced Manufacturing Office, United States Department of Energy, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC, 20585, USA;1. Department of Industrial and Digital Innovation (DIID), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;2. Department of Management and Production Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China;4. Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arebberg 44, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium;1. NASA Headquarters, 300 E St. SW, Washington, DC 20546, USA;2. NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA;1. Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, 53850, Finland;2. Machine Technology Centre Turku Ltd, Lemminkäisenkatu 28, 20520 Turku, Finland |
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| Abstract: | Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) technologies such as Direct Metal Deposition (DMD) have made it possible to eliminate environmentally polluting supply chain activities in the tooling industry and to repair and remanufacture valuable tools and dies. In this article, we investigate three case studies to reveal the extent to which DMD-based manufacturing of molds and dies can currently achieve reduced environmental emissions and energy consumption relative to conventional manufacturing pathways. It is shown that DMD's greatest opportunity to reduce the environmental impact of tool and die manufacturing will come from its ability to enable remanufacturing. Laser-based remanufacturing of tooling is shown to reduce cost and environmental impact simultaneously, especially as the scale of the tool increases. |
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