Copper and zinc recycling in Australia: potential quantities and policy options |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering and DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa;2. Pilot Tools (Pty) (Ltd), P.O. Box 27420, Benrose 2011, South Africa;3. iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, P.O. Box 722, Somerset West 7129, South Africa;4. Faculty of Health & Wellness Sciences, CPUT, Bellville, South Africa;1. Department of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, 398 Donghai Street, Fengze, Quanzhou 362000, China;2. Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China;3. Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Road, Taipei 10660, Taiwan;1. Mercator Institute for China Studies, Klosterstraße 64, 10179 Berlin, Germany;2. Institute of Chinese Studies, Free University of Berlin, Ehrenbergstraße 26-28, 14195 Berlin, Germany;1. Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China;2. State Information Center, 100045, Beijing, China |
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| Abstract: | This paper presents relevant data for industry and governmental policy makers with the aim of increasing the recycling rate of end-of-life copper and zinc in Australia in a technically and economically feasible way. The methodology used to quantify and spatially distribute end-of-life flows of copper and zinc is based on existing and anticipated in-use stocks, their residence times, and their historical and anticipated future evolution. Australia currently (ca. 2000) generates about 72 Gg/year and 57 Gg/year of end-of-life copper and zinc, respectively. Some 70% of all discarded copper and 40% of all discarded zinc generated in Australia are currently being recycled. A detailed assessment shows that about 75% of all end-of-life material in Australia comes from the three states New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland. In Australia, about 70–75% of waste copper and waste zinc is generated in urban areas. Residential applications account for about 40% (copper) and 60% (zinc) of the generated discards; commercial and industrial applications account for the remainder. By 2030, the discard flows are predicted to increase by about 105% and 155%, to 150 Gg Cu/year and 145 Gg Zn/year, providing substantially increased opportunities for recovery and re-use. Priority targets for the improvement of copper and zinc recycling in Australia are buildings under renovation, urban infrastructure, the transportation sector, and also consumer and business durables. Urban centres are particularly attractive locations for recycling facilities, especially in Perth and Adelaide. |
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