Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals in wastewater from households, livestock farms, hospitals and pharmaceutical manufactures |
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Authors: | Sim Won-Jin Lee Ji-Woo Lee Eung-Sun Shin Sun-Kyoung Hwang Seung-Ryul Oh Jeong-Eun |
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Institution: | a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea b Environmental Resources Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea c Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea |
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Abstract: | Twenty-four pharmaceuticals were measured in wastewater from 12 municipal wastewater treatment plants (M-WWTPs), four livestock WWTPs (L-WWTPs), four hospital WWTPs (H-WWTPs) and four pharmaceutical manufacture WWTPs (P-WWTPs). The total concentration of pharmaceuticals in the influent samples was highest in the L-WWTPs followed by the P-WWTPs, H-WWTPs and M-WWTPs. The effluents had different patterns of pharmaceuticals than their corresponding influents because of the different fate of each compound in the WWTPs. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were the most dominant in the influents from the M-WWTPs and P-WWTPs, while antibiotics were dominantly detected in the L-WWTP. In the H-WWTP influents, NSAIDs, caffeine and carbamazepine were dominant. In the P-WWTPs, the distribution of pharmaceuticals in the effluents varied with sampling sites and periods. The M-WWTP influents had the highest daily loads, while the effluents showed somewhat similar levels in all source types. |
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Keywords: | Pharmaceuticals Wastewater treatment plants Households Livestock farms Hospitals Pharmaceutical manufactures |
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