Validation and use of in vivo solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) for the detection of emerging contaminants in fish |
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Authors: | Wang Shuang Oakes Ken D Bragg Leslie M Pawliszyn Janusz Dixon George Servos Mark R |
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Affiliation: | a Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1 b Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1 |
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Abstract: | A variety of emerging chemicals of concern are released continuously to surface water through the municipal wastewater effluent discharges. The ability to rapidly determine bioaccumulation of these contaminants in exposed fish without sacrificing the animal (i.e. in vivo) would be of significant advantage to facilitate research, assessment and monitoring of their risk to the environment. In this study, an in vivo solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) approach was developed and applied to the measurement of a variety of emerging contaminants (carbamazepine, naproxen, diclofenac, gemfibrozil, bisphenol A, fluoxetine, ibuprofen and atrazine) in fish. Our results indicated in vivo SPME was a potential alternative extraction technique for quantitative determination of contaminants in lab exposures and as well after exposure to two municipal wastewater effluents (MWWE), with a major advantage over conventional techniques due to its ability to non-lethally sample tissues of living organisms. |
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Keywords: | Solid phase micro-extraction SPME Rainbow Trout Greenside Darter In vivo Emerging contaminants Pharmaceuticals Municipal wastewater effluents |
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