Role of black carbon in the distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans in aged field-contaminated soils |
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Authors: | Chai Yunzhou Davis John W Wilken Michael Martin Greg D Mowery Daniel M Ghosh Upal |
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Affiliation: | a Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, 1803 Building, Midland, MI 48674, USA b Environmental Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 1602 Building, Midland, MI 48674, USA c Analytical Sciences Gulf Coast R&D Support, The Dow Chemical Company, Freeport, TX 77541, USA d Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland at Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA |
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Abstract: | Floodplain soils containing elevated levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were collected from several locations along the Tittabawassee River (Michigan, USA). The PCDD/F profiles of these soils exhibited distinct congener patterns consistent with byproducts from either chloralkali manufacturing or chlorophenols productions. Black carbon (BC) particles were isolated for the first time from floodplain soil impacted by PCDD/Fs. Petrographic analysis showed that BC particles, including coal, oxidized coal, metallurgical coke, depositional carbon, coal tar/pitch, cenosphere, and charcoal, comprised approximately 30% by volume of the organic fraction with size range of 250 μm-2000 μm from a typical floodplain soil. The BC particles with anthropogenic origin such as pitch and coke associated with the chloralkali production process served as both the source and subsequent transporter for the highly hydrophobic PCDD/Fs. These anthropogenic BC particles were enriched with high levels of PCDFs, containing approximately 1000-fold the concentration found in the bulk soil. The strong association of PCDD/Fs with anthropogenic BC directly impacts the physicochemical and biological availability thus the risk associated with these hydrophobic organochlorines in soils and sediments. |
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Keywords: | PCDD/F Black carbon Fractionation Petrography Nuclear magnetic resonance |
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