三峡库区船舶污染及综合防治对策研究

三峡大坝建成后，将形成一个长662.9km，面积1045km^2的巨型水库，水库的蓄水会使库区水体的稀释自净能力降低。而目前重庆市辖区内船舶总数已达6000艘左右，旅客日均流量在6万人左右。船舶含油污水、生活污水、船舶垃圾等对库区水质造成破坏：其中油类排放量将为5694t/a,CODcr为1533t/a,BOD5为766.5t/a,SS为1840t/a，生活垃圾为5000t/a，会严重影响整个三峡库区水生态系统。近年来虽然国家重点执行对船舶油污水排放实行控制，船舶垃圾进行接收处理等多项措施，但据调查，随着航运业的发展，现有船舶污染治理主要还在管理、宣传、执法、港口设施、船舶设备更新等7个方面存在问题，船舶对库区水环境的污染日趋严惩。为避免船舶对库区水域的污染，除对库区航运规模、船舶数量和作总量控制外，还从资金、机构建设、设施建设、环保执法、船舶设备更新等方面提出了综合防治对策，使因船舶排放污染物对库区水域造成的污染减少到最低程度，确保三峡库区水污染整治规划目标的早日实现。

SHIPPING POLLUTION IN THREE GORGES AND RESEARCH ON COMPREHENSIVE POLLUTION DISPOSAL COUNTERMEASURE

With the construction of the Three-Gorge Dam, a giant reservoir which is 662. 9 km long and 1 045 km2 would form in the up-reaches of the Yangtze River. The ability of the river to dilute and purify itself would decrease because of the retained water in the reservoir. UP to now, the total number of ships within the area under Chong Qing government's jurisdiction has reached about 6 000, and the passengers transported per day is about 60 000. The quality of waters in the reservoir would be damaged by waste water containing oil from shipping, waste water by daily life, shipping rubbish. Among them oil emission rate would be 5 694 t/a, CODer 1 533 t/a, BOD5 766.5t/a, SS 1 840 t/a, daily life rubbish 5 000 t/a, which would seriously affect the ecological structure of waters in Three Gorges reservoir. Although the government has recently paid much emphasis on the policies of controlling the emission of waste water containing oil from shipping and of disposing shipping rubbish. Problems of shipping pollution disposal still exist. The pollution caused by shipping is getting more serious to water environment. To avoid it, controlling shipping scale and total number of shipping is necessary, Moreover, many comprehensive disposal countermeasures should be put forward in several aspects such as fund, organization establishment, facility construction, environment protection enforcement and renewal of shipping equipments. Therefore, the pollution in reservoir caused by pollutant from shipping would decrease to its lowest degree.