Ecological correlates of social organization in a communally breeding bird,the acorn woodpecker,Melanerpes formicivorus

Summary Acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus) were studied during the summers of 1976 and 1977 in the Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona to determine the ecological correlates of variations in unit size, storage behavior, and home range. Unit size varied from two to five adults, acorn storage capacity varied from 0 to 5,000 individual holes per unit, and home range size varied from 5.2 to 51.2 ha.There was a consistent but nonsignificant trend for units inhabiting pine-oak woodland to be larger and to maintain more food storage holes than units in oak-juniper or oak woodland. Pine-oak woodland had the highest oak species number, density, and basal area of any community in the study area, and showed the least annual variation in percent of oaks producing acorns during the study. However, pineoak woodland also had the lowest acorn productivity per hectare.More than four times as many oak trees produced acorns in 1977 than in 1976. Following the poor 1976 crop, unit home range size increased so that the mean number of oaks contained per home range size increased more than three and a half times in 1977. The number of woodpecker units containing nonbreeding adults decreased from 90% in 1976 to 20% in 1977. These data suggest that the size and reliability of acorn crops control the composition of acorn woodpecker social units.A comparison of acorn woodpecker population parameters in the Chiricahua Mountains and at the Hastings Reservation, California, was made, using data of MacRoberts and MacRoberts (1976). The California population was significantly more dense and maintained more storage trees and more individual storage holes per unit, but there was no evidence that more California units contained nonbreeding adults than did Chiricahua units.A model is presented that emphasizes the importance of acorn crop reliability as the major determinant of acorn woodpecker social organization (Fig. 2). Annual crop fluctuations affect the winter survival and dispersion of woodpecker units, and the density of the population in the following spring. Bad acorn years will result in decreased saturation of woodpecker nesting habitat by established groups. The model predicts a corresponding decrease in the frequency of units with helpers, as young adults take advantage of opportunities to breed on their own. Longer-term crop reliability determines the benefitcost ratio for establishing and maintaining food storage facilities. The observed geographic variation in storage behavior between California and Arizona populations is suggested to reflect differences in the long-term return on investment in expensive storage facilities.