An updated assessment of the acute impacts of ocean carbon sequestration by direct injection |
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| Authors: | Peter H Israelsson Aaron C Chow E Eric Adams |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Room 48-216b, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;2. Anchor QEA, LLC, 234 Broadway, Suite 2, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;3. Gradient, 20 University Road, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;1. Nuclear Fuel Cycle Process Development Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 111, Daedeok-daero 989beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-353, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea;1. Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China;2. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213016, China;3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China;4. Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China;1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Australia;2. Department of Petroleum Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Australia;3. School of Petroleum Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia;4. RSO CSIRO – Mineral Resources, Perth, Australia;5. Department of Exploration Geophysics, Curtin University, Perth, Australia;6. Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering | Edith Cowan University Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia;1. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117 576, Singapore;2. Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India;1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA;2. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;1. State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, People’s Republic of China;2. School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, People’s Republic of China;3. Shengli College China University of Petroleum, Dongying 257061, People’s Republic of China |
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| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the expected environmental impact of several promising schemes for ocean carbon sequestration by direct injection of CO2, and serves as a major update to the assessment by Auerbach et al. (1997) and Caulfield et al. (1997) of water quality impacts and the induced mortality to zooplankton. Three discharge approaches are considered, each designed to maximize dilution over the water column: a point release of negatively buoyant CO2 hydrate particles from a moving ship; a stationary point release of CO2 hydrate particles forming a sinking plume; and a long, bottom-mounted diffuser discharging buoyant liquid CO2 droplets. Two of these scenarios take advantage of the enhanced dilution offered by CO2 hydrate particles, and are based on recent laboratory and field studies on the formation and behavior of such particles. Overall, results suggest that it is possible with present or near present technology to engineer discharge configurations that achieve sufficient dilution to largely avoid acute impacts. In particular, the moving ship hydrate discharge is identified as the most promising due to its operational flexibility. In addition to lethal effects, sub-lethal and ecosystem effects are discussed qualitatively, though not analyzed quantitatively. Our main conclusion is that ocean carbon sequestration by direct injection should not be dismissed as a climate change mitigation strategy on the basis of environmental impact alone. Rather, it can be considered as a viable option for further study, especially in regions where geologic sequestration proves impractical. |
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