天津市地表水中新型优先污染物筛选与管控对策

新型污染物在地表水中频繁检出，威胁区域水生生态系统及人体健康.因其种类复杂且风险、毒性差异较大，目前基于新型污染物污染特性综合评估，进而确定新型优先污染物的相关研究仍不完善.以41种新型污染物为研究对象，采用污染物环境暴露水平、持久性、生物累积性、生态风险和健康风险这5个指标，建立以保护水生生物和人体健康为目标的综合评分方法，筛选识别天津市地表水环境中新型污染物，划分优先等级，构建优控清单，评价清单中污染物水环境生态风险和人体健康风险.结果表明，41种新型污染物在研究区域内均有检出，磺胺类抗生素（SAs）和其他类药物（others）浓度平均值最大，分别为200.04 ng·L^-1和176.30 ng·L^-1；其次是全氟化合物（PFASs，57.98 ng·L^-1）.以污染物类别计，高优先级以PFASs （占比50%）为主；中级优先级仍以PFASs （占比26.32%）为主，比重有所下降；低优先级以SAs （占比31.25%）为主.高优先级污染物全氟辛基磺酸（PFOS）、全氟辛酸（PFOA）、卡马西平（CBZ）、咖啡因（CAF）、全氟己基磺酸（PFHxA）和克拉霉素（CLA）列为优控清单；与其它污染物相比，PFOS和PFOA的持久性、生物累积性和健康风险得分较高，CBZ和CAF的生态风险得分较高.CAF的风险商（RQ）平均值为4.8，具有相对较高的生态风险.健康风险表明，PFOA （风险商平均值HQ为0.018）累积效应带来的潜在风险不可忽视.针对优控清单，CAF在污水处理厂的处理率高，应加强管网和高植被盖度的河岸带建设，减轻未处理污水排放和降雨径流对地表水的影响；处理率较低的污染物应运用多技术组合工艺提高对其去除效率；此外，应加快行业替代工作，减少全氟类化合物（PFOS、PFOA和PFHxA）的排放.

Screening and Control Measures for New Priority Pollutants in Surface Water of Tianjin

Emerging pollutants are frequently detected in surface water, threatening the regional aquatic ecosystem and human health. Due to their complex types and large differences in risk and toxicity, research based on the comprehensive assessment of the pollution characteristics to determine the new priority pollutants remains incomplete. This study established a multi-criterion scoring method targeting 41 emerging pollutants with the goal of protecting aquatic organisms and human health, using five key indicators including environmental exposure level, persistence, bioaccumulation, ecological risk, and health risk of pollutants. The emerging pollutants were screened and identified in the surface water of Tianjin. The priority levels of different congeners were divided, and the ecological and health risks of pollutants in the priority control list were evaluated. The results showed that 41 emerging pollutants were generally detected in the study area. The average concentration of sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) and other drugs (Others) were the largest, with 200.04 ng·L^-1 and 176.30 ng·L^-1, respectively, followed by perfluorinated compounds (PFASs, 57.98 ng·L^-1). In terms of pollutant categories, high-priority emerging pollutants were dominated by PFASs, accounting for 50%. Medium-priority emerging pollutants were still dominated by PFASs (26.32%), but the proportion was lower. Low-priority emerging pollutants were dominated by SAs, accounting for 31.25%. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), carbamazepine (CBZ), caffeine (CAF), perfluorohexyl sulfonic acid (PFHxA), and clarithromycin (CLA) were defined as a priority control list. Compared with other pollutants, PFOS and PFOA had higher scores in persistence, bioaccumulation, and health risk, whereas CBZ and CAF had higher scores in ecological risk. The average risk quotient (RQ) of CAF was 4.8, which indicated a relatively high ecological risk. Health risk indicated that the potential risk caused by PFOA (average hazard quotient was 0.018) cannot be ignored. For the priority control list, because of the high removal rate of CAF in sewage treatment plants, the construction of a pipe network and riverside belt with high vegetation coverage should be strengthened to reduce the impact of untreated sewage discharge and rainfall runoff. Pollutants with low removal rates in sewage treatment plants should be treated with combined technologies to improve the removal efficiency. In addition, industry substitution work should be accelerated to reduce emissions of PFOS, PFOA, and PFHxA.