Influence of Agricultural Antibiotics and 17β-Estradiol on the Microbial Community of Soil |
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Authors: | SOUL CHUN JAEHOON LEE MARK RADOSEVICH DAVID C WHITE ROLAND GEYER |
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Institution: | 1. Institute of Basic Science, Department of Biological Resource &2. Technology , Yonsei University , Republic of Korea;3. Biosystems Engineering &4. Environmental Science Department , The University of Tennessee , Knoxville, TN, USA;5. Center for Biomarker Analysis , The University of Tennessee , Knoxville, TN, USA;6. Center for Biomarker Analysis , The University of Tennessee , Knoxville, TN, USA;7. Department of Environmental Microbiology , UFZ Centre for Environmental Research , Leipzig, Germany |
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Abstract: | Agricultural pharmaceuticals are a major environmental concern because of their hazardous effects on human and wildlife. This study analyzed phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids (PLFAs) and quinones to investigate the effects of a steroid (17β-estradiol) and agricultural antibiotics (chlortetracycline and tylosin) on soil microbes in the laboratory. Two different types of soil were used: Sequatchie loam (0.8% organic matter) and LaDelle silt loam (9.2% organic matter). The soils were spiked with 17β-estradiol and antibiotics, alone or in combination. In Sequatchie loam, 17β-estradiol significantly increased the microbial biomass, especially the biomarkers for beta proteobacteria (16:1ω7c, 18:1ω7c, Cy17:0, and UQ-8). The coexistence of antibiotics decreased the stimulatory effect of 17β-estradiol on the microbial community. In LaDelle silt loam, there were no significant differences in total microbial biomass and their microbial community structure among the treatments. Overall, 17β-estradiol changed the microbial community of soil and the presence of antibiotics nullified the effect of 17β-estradiol. However, the effects of 17β-estradiol and antibiotics on soil microbes were sensitive to the soil properties, as seen in the LaDelle silt loam. |
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Keywords: | Microbial community Phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids (PLFAs) Quinones 17β-estradiol Agricultural antibiotics |
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