污水特质(水征)评价及其在污水再生处理工艺研究中的应用

近年来，在污水高标准处理研究和工程实践中，发现和遇到越来越多的现有常规水质指标、工艺理论和技术知识等难以解释的新现象和难以解决的新问题.以逐步建立水质复杂体系研究理论和方法体系，构筑科学、有效的污水处理风险管理和安全保障管理系统为目标，介绍了污水的复杂体系特征，阐述了污水高标准处理中工艺设计、运行和诊断面临系统理论方法缺失的问题及其根源，提出了可有效支撑污水工艺研究的污水特质，即"水征（water feature）"的概念.通过分析污水中污染物的浓度水平、组分特征、安全性和稳定性及其时空变化，定义了水征"四维度"内涵，即污染物污染程度、组分特征、毒害效应和转化潜势等4个维度.研究和实践案例表明，水征能有效支撑水质安全评价、处理特性预测、处理工艺设计和工艺诊断优化等.在以水环境质量改善和环境风险控制为目标的污水高标准处理新阶段，基于水征研究，发展高效处理工艺、构筑科学有效的风险管理和安全保障体系尤为重要.今后需深入、持续开展污水处理中水征指标评价方法与理论体系、水征与污染物处理关键技术开发与工艺优化、水征与风险评价管理等方面的研究. 

Evaluation of Water Feature and Its Application in the Wastewater Reclamation

There are increasing new phenomena and new problems that cannot be explained by the common water quality parameters and theories or be solved by the available technologies in the researches and engineering practices of high-standard wastewater treatment. To establish systematic principles and methods for investigating water quality and building scientific and effective wastewater treatment risk management and safety assurance management systems, the characteristics of wastewater and the corresponding essential problems were evaluated in high-standard wastewater treatment, and a new concept of 'water feature' was proposed to support the development of wastewater treatment technologies and processes. Water Feature refers to the concentration, composition, safety, and stability of pollutants in wastewater, as well as their temporal and spatial fluctuation, such that it covers the quantitative, temporal, and spatial dimensions. The assessment of water feature should be conducted based on the evolution methodologies of quantitative concentration, compositional characteristics, toxicological effects, and potential transformation of pollutants. The engineering practice cases suggest that the research of water feature can help to improve the risk assessment, treatability prediction, treatment process design and optimization in the high-standard wastewater treatment. The study of water feature can significantly improve the system of risk management and safety guarantee for wastewater treatment. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the systematic methodology of water feature deeply and constituently, as well as its relationship with treatment technology optimization, risk control and management.