稻鱼共生系统生态服务功能价值比较——以浙江省青田县和贵州省从江县为例

石油农业导致生态系统退化与环境受损.人们在寻找新的农业途径时,将目光转向传统农业,开始对传统农耕模式的价值进行挖掘.稻鱼共生是最为典型的中国传统生态农业模式之一,因其历史悠久、景观独特和效益显著而被联合国粮农组织列为首批全球重要农业文化遗产保护试点之一.在数千年的农耕文化演变过程中,同宗的青田县和从江县的传统农业系统,由于受到不同的自然、经济和文化的影响,分别形成了以养鱼为主和以种稻为主的稻鱼共生系统.本文采用市场价值法、造林成本法、替代价格法、大气污染治理成本法和水库工程费用法等,分别对青田县和从江县传统农业区生态系统服务功能的经济进行评估.结果表明,以养鱼为主的青田县直接经济价值比以种稻为主的从江县平均每公顷高近1.70万元,但其闻接价值却比后者低,从江县稻鱼共生系统的气体调节和养分保持价值分别是青田县的1.35和1.59倍.最后,本文提出了提高农民收入的途径,以更好地保护这一具有全球重要意义的农业文化遗产.

Comparison of Ecosystem Services of Rice-fish Agriculture in Qingtian and Congjiang

Industrial agriculture led to eco-environmental degradation. In the search for new ways to agriculture, the world turned its eyes to traditional agriculture. As one of the typical traditional ecological agricultural mode, the Chinese traditional agricultural systems show multiple ecosystem services which is not only the foundation to support the human civilization but also of significance for current and future agricultural development. China's rice-fish culture, as one of the pilot sites of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), is one of the traditional agricultural models. People in Qingtian and Congjiang have introduced fish rearing in rice farming, which creates that ingenious agricultural system with fish and rice coexisting in the same farming land. However, during thousands of years, the rice-fish systems in Qingtian and Congjiang influenced by economy, natural conditions and culture went on two ways: the former turned into focusing on the fish farming; on the other hand, the latter taking rice farming as their preference. This article studied the ecosystem services with multiple methods as the market value approach, afforestation cost approach and opportunity cost approach, substitute price approach, direct value of appraising and indirect value of the Qingtian Traditional Agricultural Region and the Congjiang County. By employing the methods of PAM( Problem Analysis Method) and VAM( Value Analysis Method), it can be found that on the one hand the direct value of Congjiang is less than that of Qingtian, but on the other hand, the indirect value of Congjiang is more than that of Qingtian, Based on the analysis of the ecosystem services in these systems, the authors also propose some approaches in order to improve peasants' income which would enhance the conservation of the traditional agricultural systems, including ecological labeling and eco-tourism development.