农业技术推广过程中制度因素的影响——湖北省天门市棉花害虫综合防治项目案例分析报告

针对中国主产棉区在病虫害防治中大量施用化学农药加重农业污染，以及害虫产生抗药性导致防治失灵等问题，由亚洲开发银行（ＡＤＢ）资助，英联邦国际生物防治研究所（ＣＡＢＩ）负责实施，于１９９３～１９９６年在中国湖北省天门市建立害虫综合防治（ＩＰＭ）项目试点，旨在研究和开发控制病虫危害和改善生态环境的适用于中国主产棉区的ＩＰＭ技术体系。ＩＰＭ项目有两个特点：①与以往因土地、人口压力而引致的技术变革不同，ＩＰＭ项目是一项因环境压力而引致的技术变革；②以往的技术变革的阻力大多来自于乡村社会结构尤其是农民对新技术的不接受，而ＩＰＭ项目在运作层面首先遇到了高度集中的防治体系的阻碍，即受到制度因素的影响。本文着重分析高度集中的防治体系形成的过程和原因，以及制度因素影响ＩＰＭ项目实施的作用机制，并提出解决问题的政策建议。

INSTITUTIONAL IMPACT ON THE EXTENSION PROCESS OF AGRO TECHNOLOGY

In view of the deteriorating agricultural pollution caused by application of substantial chemical pesticides to control pest as well as failure control to due to pests resistance to the chemicals in Chinas major cotton producing areas, an IPM pilot project financed by Asian Development Bank and conducted by CABI was implemented in China's Tianmen City,Hubei Province from 1993 to 1996. This project was aimed at studying and developing an IPM technical system suited to Chinas major cotton producing areas in order to control pest damage and improve eco environment.Compared with the guideline and measures of China's plant protection system, the IPM project was more environmental protection oriented technically and more decentralized in terms of decision making (decision making by farmers), both of which were closely related. Theory and practices have proven that technical reform quite often leads to social reform and structural reform. The IPM project has two features in this respect: (a)Unlike the usual technical reform caused by land and population pressure, the IPM project was one caused by environmental pressure;(b) Technical reform used to be pulled back by the rural social structure, especially farmers' resistance to new technology while this IPM project met its major obstacle from highly centralized pest management system, namely the structural factor. The key to the problem is who makes decisions in pest management. Although farmers have the right to operate on their contracted land, they are not the decision makers for pest management of their own land. Because the farmer households are of small scale and separated from each other and cotton pests usually outbreak at a sudden, infect large areas of cotton and have a migratory feature, a highly centralized top to bottom management system has taken shape in Tianmen with the local authorities as the decision makers. Being held responsible for local cotton production, the local authorities take a very prudent attitude towards adoption of every integrated management measure.