Evaluation of a CFD porous model for calculating ventilation in explosion hazard assessments

In the past, gas explosion assessment relied on worst case scenarios. A more realistic approach is to look at the probability of explosions and their likely severity. The most flexible way of investigating many different scenarios is to estimate a ventilation flow, feed this into a flammable volume calculation and then calculate the explosion severity. The procedure allows many parameters to be varied efficiently. A Computational Fluid Dynamics porous model is evaluated for modelling the ventilation flow through congested regions, including a new method that has been developed to derive the resistance. Comparison with velocity measurements from a large scale model of an offshore module showed that overall the CFD model performs very well, especially considering that the homogenous porosity block does not model any of the internal obstructions and therefore would not predict any local flow effects. This gives confidence that the overall flow pattern is sufficiently close to the local flow patterns, to be used in explosion assessments. The porous approximation in CFX is found to underpredict the turbulence intensity in the obstacle array compared to the explosion model EXSIM. Improving the turbulence prediction in the porous model would be valuable, so a relatively simple method of increasing the turbulence in porous regions is proposed. The CFD model will provide the non-uniform natural ventilation flowfields of complex regions for future explosion assessments at a hierarchy of levels.