华北半干旱区2个农业流域地表氮素流失特征的对比研究

在2004和2005年2个水文年期间,通过野外降雨径流监测和室内分析,对位于华北半干旱地区天津市重要饮用水水源地于桥水库周边2个典型农业小流域地表径流氮素流失特征进行了对比研究.结果表明,2个农业小流域全年氮输出主要集 中在6-9月;试验期间桃花寺流域41%的地表径流和52%的总氮负荷发生在2次>60 mm降雨中,曹各庄流域输出地表径 流和总氮负荷较均匀地分布于不同降雨类型的降雨事件中;桃花寺流域和曹各庄流域地表径流氮素输出发生的最小降雨量 分别约为20 mm和10 mm;曹各庄流域和桃花寺流域年均径流系数分别为0.013 2和0.001 6,前者为后者的8.3倍;曹各庄流域 年均总氮输出量是1.048 kg·(hm2·a)-1,桃花寺流域年均总氮输出量是0.158 kg·(hm2·a)-1,前者是后者的6.6倍.2个农业流 域内的微地形地貌、景观格局和迁移廊道性质的不同是造成流域氮素流失特征差异的主要原因:受长期人为活动干扰形成的 复杂地形地貌结构降低了流域的降雨一产流能力;桃花寺流域地表径流氮素主要污染源(村庄)离受纳水体的距离约为 1 500 m,而曹各庄流域此距离约为200 m,较短的迁移距离增加氮素迁移到受纳水体的风险;曹各庄流域道路型的传输廊道可 以很快地将地表径流氮素迁移到受纳水体,而桃花寺流域地表径流氮素则可以在传输廊道中被小石坝、植被过滤带和干塘等 "汇"型结构所持留.

Comparison of Nitrogen Loss via Surface Runoff from Two Agricultural Catchments in Semi-arid North China

Nitrogen loss characteristics via surface runoff from two typical agricultural catchments into Yuqiao Reservoir-the important drinking water source area for Tianjin city in semi-arid North China were investigated through two-year in-situ monitoring and indoor chemical analysis. The results showed that annual nitrogen export mainly concentrated in the rainy period between June to September. About 41% of the annual water output and 52% of the annual total nitrogen output took place in two rainfall events with rainfall> 60 mm in Taohuasi catchment (T catchment), while the distribution of water and nitrogen export among various rainfalls in Caogezhuang catchment (C catchment) was smooth. The rainfall thresholds for the appearance of water and nitrogen export from the outlet of T catchment and C catchment were 20 mm and 10 mm. The mean annual runoff coefficients of C and T catchments were 0.013 2 and 0.001 6, respectively. The mean annual total nitrogen exports from C catchment and T catchment were 1.048 kg·(hm²·a)^-1 and 0.158 kg·(hm²·a)^-1 respectively. The difference of micro-topography, landscape pattern and hydrological pathway between two catchments could explain the nitrogen export gap. Micro-topographical features created by long-term anthropological disturbance decrease the runoff generation ability. The distance between nitrogen source area and the outlet in T catchment was around 1 500 m, while such distance in C catchment was just around 200 m. The short distance added the nitrogen export risk via surface runoff. Road-type hydrological pathway in C catchment could transfer nitrogen into the receiving water via surface runoff directly, while nitrogen could be detained within the pathway by many sink structures such as small stones, vegetated buffer strip and dry ponds in T catchment.