西南典型岩溶地下河系统水文地球化学特征对比:以重庆市青木关、老龙洞为例

为探究不同土地利用类型和人类活动方式下西南典型岩溶地下河的水文地球化学特征,以地质背景相似的重庆青木关和老龙洞地下河为例,从月动态、单场降雨动态两个尺度,利用独立样本t检验、主成分分析(PCA)等方法对两岩溶地下河出口姜家泉、老龙洞的水文地球化学特征及其影响因素进行对比研究.结果表明,姜家泉与老龙洞的Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-、Mg~(2+)、K~+、NO_3~-、Na~+、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-、电导率等差异显著,姜家泉K+、NO-3的月动态变化幅度和浓度均值大于老龙洞,Na~+、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-的月动态变化幅度和浓度均值则小于老龙洞.由PCA分析可知,水-岩作用对两岩溶地下河水的水化学特征及变化都起重要作用,但青木关主要受农业活动影响,老龙洞则主要受城镇活动、工业活动影响.由于人类活动影响方式和程度的差异,两岩溶地下河对单场降雨的响应也不同,姜家泉各指标变化与流量变化高度一致,老龙洞各指标的变化相对无序.青木关水化学特征的动态变化受水土流失、农业活动影响较大,水-岩作用次之.老龙洞则主要受到水-岩作用的影响,受城镇活动、工业活动、水土流失作用的影响也较明显.

Comparison on the Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Typical Karst Groundwater System in Southwest China, a Case of Qingmuguan and Laolongdong in Chongqing

To study the hydrogeochemical characteristics of southwestern typical karst underground river influenced by different land-use types and human activities, underground rivers of Qingmuguan and Laolongdong, which have similar geological background in Chongqing, were contrastively analyzed from the scale of monthly and rainfall event variation. By the means of independent t-test and principal component analysis(PCA), the results showed that ions of Ca²⁺, HCO₃^-, Mg²⁺, K⁺, NO₃^-, Na⁺, SO₄^2-, Cl^- and conductivity were distinctly different at the outlet of the two observed underground rivers, Jiangjia spring and Laolongdong. Compared with Laolongdong, Jiangjia spring showed larger monthly variation range and mean concentrations of K⁺, NO₃^-, but ions of Na⁺, SO₄^2-, Cl^- showed an opposite trend. Water-rock interaction played an important role in the hydrogeochemical characteristics and variations of two observed karst underground rivers. Qingmuguan underground river was mainly affected by agricultural activities, while Laolongdong underground river was dominantly influenced by urban and industrial activities. Owing to the difference in manner and intensity of human activities, the two observed karst underground river systems responded differently during a single rainfall event. The variation of water chemical indicators that highly corresponded to discharge at Jiangjia spring were relatively disordered at Laolongdong. It was shown that the hydrogeochemical characteristic of Qingmuguan was primarily influenced by soil erosion and agricultural activities, followed by water-rock interaction, while the hydrochemical characteristic of Laolongdong was dominantly influenced by water-rock interaction, followed by urban activities, industrial activities and soil erosion.