Inter- and intra-specific diurnal habitat selection of zooplankton during the spring bloom observed by Video Plankton Recorder |
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Authors: | Julie Sainmont Astthor Gislason Jan Heuschele Clare N. Webster Peter Sylvander Miao Wang Øystein Varpe |
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Affiliation: | 1. Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kavalergaarden 6, 2920, Charlottenlund, Denmark 2. Marine Research Institute, Skulagata 4, P.O. Box 1390, 121, Reykjavík, Iceland 3. Pelagic Ecology Research Group, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, KY16 8LB, UK 4. Tv?rminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, 10900, Hanko, Finland 5. Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius V 21A, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden 6. Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand 7. Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre, 9296, Troms?, Norway 8. Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, 9296, Troms?, Norway 9. University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), PB 156, 9171, Longyearbyen, Norway
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Abstract: | Diel vertical migration (DVM) is a common behavior adopted by zooplankton species. DVM is a prominent adaptation for avoiding visual predation during daylight hours and still being able to feed on surface phytoplankton blooms during night. Here, we report on a DVM study using a Video Plankton Recorder (VPR), a tool that allows mapping of vertical zooplankton distributions with a far greater spatial resolution than conventional zooplankton nets. The study took place over a full day–night cycle in Disko Bay, Greenland, during the peak of the phytoplankton spring bloom. The sampling revealed a large abundance of copepods performing DVM (up during night and down during day). Migration behavior was expressed differently among the abundant groups with either a strong DVM (euphausiids), an absence of DVM (i.e., permanently deep; ostracods) or a marked DVM, driven by strong surface avoidance during the day and more variable depth preferences at night (Calanus spp.). The precise individual depth position provided by the VPR allowed us to conclude that the escape from surface waters during daytime reduces feeding opportunities but also lowers the risk of predation (by reducing the light exposure) and thereby is likely to influence both state (hunger, weight and stage) and survival. The results suggest that the copepods select day and night time habitats with similar light levels (~10?9 μmol photon s?1 m?2). Furthermore, Calanus spp. displayed state-dependent behavior, with DVM most apparent for smaller individuals, and a deeper residence depth for the larger individuals. |
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