Geochemical provenance and spatial distribution of fluoride in groundwater of Mayo Tsanaga River Basin, Far North Region, Cameroon: implications for incidence of fluorosis and optimal consumption dose |
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Authors: | Wilson Y Fantong Hiroshi Satake Samuel N Ayonghe Emmanuel C Suh Segun M A Adelana Emilia Bi S Fantong Hycinth S Banseka Cletus D Gwanfogbe Leonard N Woincham Yoshitoshi Uehara Jing Zhang |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Environmental Biology and Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan 2. Center for Hydrological Research, Institute of Mining and Geological Research (IRGM), Box 4110, Yaounde, Cameroon 3. Department of Geology and Environmental Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon 4. Department of Geology and Mineral Science, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria 5. Laboratory of Geodynamics, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan 6. Global Water Partnership, Yaounde, Cameroon 7. Provincial Delegation of Public Health, Far North Region, Box 620, Maroua, Cameroon 8. Provincial Hospital Maroua, Box 57, Maroua, Cameroon
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Abstract: | The 500,000 inhabitants of Mayo Tsanaga River Basin are vulnerable to a “silent” fluorosis from groundwater consumption. For the first time, the groundwater is investigated for the purpose of identifying the provenance of fluoride and estimating an optimal dose of fluoride in the study area. Based on the fluoride content of groundwater, fluorine and major oxides abundances in rocks from the study area, mean annual atmospheric temperature, and on-site diagnosis of fluorosis in children, the following results and conclusions are obtained: Fluoride concentration in groundwater ranges from 0.19 to 15.2 mg/l. Samples with fluoride content of <1.5 mg/l show Ca–HCO3 signatures, while those with fluoride >1.5 mg/l show a tendency towards Na-HCO3 type. Fluor-apatite and micas in the granites were identified as the main provenance of fluoride in the groundwater through water-rock interactions in an alkaline medium. The optimal fluoride dose in drinking water of the study area should be 0.7 mg/l, and could be adjusted downward to a level of 0.6 mg/l due to the high consumption rate of groundwater, especially during drier periods. |
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