武汉市秸秆燃烧VOCs排放估算及管理对策

秸秆燃烧是我国人为源挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)排放的重要来源之一,其排放对气候变化和人体健康都有很大影响.对该来源VOCs排放量的可靠估算是在区域或城市范围内进行排放效应分析和污染控制的重要前提.根据2005~2011年武汉市农作物的总产量,采用排放因子分析法估算了武汉市及主要6个农作物产区的秸秆燃烧VOCs的排放量,并分别计算其耕地排放强度(I c)和区域排放强度(I r).结果表明,武汉市2005~2011年年均秸秆燃烧VOCs排放量约为(3 163±139)t,I c和I r分别为(1.52±0.06)t·km-2和(0.37±0.02)t·km-2.粮食类和油料类农作物秸秆燃烧是主要的排放源,需优先控制7大类21种VOCs物质.武汉市分区VOCs排放量从大到小排序依次为黄陂区、新洲区、江夏区、蔡甸区、汉南区、东西湖区,前4个区的排放总量占到武汉市的近九成.江夏区、汉南区、黄陂区和新洲区应作为秸秆燃烧VOCs排放的优先控制区,尤其是能作为全国代表性的江夏区,应引起高度重视.在进行区域或城市范围的秸秆燃烧产生污染物质的生态风险评价时,该污染物的I c和I r都是需要考虑的重要基础数据.最后,提出大力发展农村秸秆资源综合循环经济利用是解决区域或城市范围内秸秆燃烧产生环境问题的可行之径.

Study on Volatile Organic Compounds Emission of Straw Combustion and Management Countermeasure in Wuhan City

Straw combustion is an important anthropogenic source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in China.Emissions of VOCs from straw combustion significantly affect climate forcing and human health. A reliable estimation of VOCs emission from the source is the important prerequisite for emission impact assessment and control strategy in the urban or regional areas. VOCs emissions from straw combustion in Wuhan City and the districts were estimated by factor analysis method, which was based on the yield of major farm crops in the period of 2005-2011. Moreover, Cultivated-land Emission Intensity (Ic) and Regional Emission Intensity (Ir) were also calculated. VOCs Emissions from straw combustion in Wuhan City were (3163±139) t in the period of 2005-2011; Ic and Ir was (1.52±0.06) t·km^-2 and (0.37±0.02) t·km^-2, respectively; Straw combustion of grain and oilseed crops was the main source of the emissions; 21 kinds of VOCs should be listed as the priority control pollutants for straw combustion in Wuhan City. The order of successively decreasing VOCs emission of districts in Wuhan City was Huangpi District, Xinzhou District, Jiangxia District, Caidian District, Hannan District, and Dongxihu District, the former 4 districts contributed to almost 90% VOCs emissions of the Wuhan City. Huangpi District, Xinzhou District, Jiangxia District, and Hannan District should be regarded as priority control areas of VOCs emission from straw combustion in Wuhan City. Much attention should be paid to Jiangxia District, which was nationally representative. Ic and Ir are important basic data for ecological risk assessment of some kind of pollutants emitted from straw combustion in the urban or regional areas. Furthermore, straw utilization model according to agricultural cyclic economy is a feasible way to cope with the environmental problem of straw combustion.