Sound-producing mechanisms in carapid fishes,with notes on phylogenetic implications

The anatomy of otophysic structures associated with the swimbladders of Carapus bermudensis, Onuxodon parvibrachium, and O. margaritiferae is strikingly similar to that of certain ophidiids and indicates common origins and close affinities between carapids and ophidiids. The suggested function of these structures is the production of sound. The apparent inquiline habits, lack of sexual dimorphism in sound-producing mechanisms, and specialized larval structures of carapids support the nominal separation of these families.