A case study of molinate application in a Portuguese rice field: herbicide dissipation and proposal of a clean-up methodology |
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Authors: | Castro Marisa Silva-Ferreira António C Manaia Célia M Nunes Olga C |
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Affiliation: | Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal. |
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Abstract: | This study was designed to monitor molinate losses in surface and underground waters during Ordram application in a rice field situated in central Portugal. Water samples were collected from different sites, before, during and about one month and a half after Ordram application. Molinate quantification was based on a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method followed by gas chromatography with flame photometric detector (GC-FPD) analysis, and led to the conclusion that the herbicide was dissipated in the environment, reaching levels as high as 3.9 microgl(-1) in underground water and 15.8 microgl(-1) in the river receiving tail waters. The feasibility of the application of treatment methodologies based on adsorption or biodegradation as processes to remove molinate from real-world waters was assessed. These methods seem suitable to reduce molinate concentrations to values in the range of the legally recommended limits (<0.5 microgl(-1)). |
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