美国居民生活用能状况与趋势:30年微观调查数据分析

随着居民部门用能快速增长,各国都在致力于观察本国居民能源消费特征以减少碳排放,特别是发达国家。本文应用近30年的微观调查数据分析美国居民能源消费现状和趋势,为发展中国家提供一些借鉴意义。从总量上看,伴随着人口、家庭数量和建筑面积的上升,能源消费总量变化较小,趋于稳定;人均用能则呈下降趋势。从用能结构来看,以天然气和电力为主,2009年分别占比44%和41%;近30年来天然气占比小幅下降,电力占比上升明显;完善的天然气设施和电力服务体系使得能源可获得性高。从用途分类来看,取暖和家电占绝大比例,2009年分别占比41%和35%;取暖用能近30年来出现平缓下降趋势,燃料来源70%是天然气;家电设备用能占比明显上升,增长近1倍;制冷占比较小,近年出现小幅上升;热水用能则比较稳定。家庭炊事燃料以电力和天然气为主,2009年分别占比60%和34%。近30年,家用电器保有量和能源效率有显著提高。建筑用能方面,美国房屋服务时间长,后期建筑房屋在保温性能方面高于早期房屋,单位面积耗能下降。美国居民享受着较高水平的能源服务,能源消费总量在近30年没有明显变化,这和能源效率的提高有着密切关系;如完善的"能源之星"项目是一个强有力的措施,以及完善的能源统计制度为能源分析提供了有力的数据支撑。相比,中国存在居民炊事用能固体燃料占比较高、建筑服务周期短、建筑材料耗能比重大等问题。建议中国政府进一步完善能源统计制度、推行农村能源扶持项目和能源标识、加强建筑规划、落实建筑能耗标准。

Residential energy consumption in US: 30 years micro-survey data

With the rapid increase of residential sector energy consumption,many countries engage to research the characteristics of residential energy consumption in order to reduce carbon emission,especially the developed countries.This paper analyzes characteristics of US residential energy consumption using 30 years micro-survey data,which give some implications for developing countries.Total residential energy consumption has small change with the rise of population,the number of households,square footage,and tend to be stable,while per capita residential energy consumption shows a downward trend.Energy structure is dominated by nature gas and electricity,accounting for 44％ and 41％ respectively in 2009,which is attributed to the mature infrastructure of nature gas and electricity service for improving the availability of energy access.The ratio of nature gas declined slightly,but that of electricity has a significant rise instead over the past three decades.Space heating and appliances take a large proportion according to end-use structure,accounting for 41％ and 35％ respectively in 2009.Energy used for space heating has declined,and 70％ energy source is nature gas;energy consumption for appliances has rose dramatically,nearly doubled;percentage of space cooling is small,and increased slightly;water heating energy consumption changed little over the past three decades.Electricity and nature gas were chosen as primary cooking fuel,accounting for 60％ and 34％ respectively.Ownership of household appliances has increased greatly,along with the energy efficiency improvement.US housing has a long service life.Energy consumption of newly constructed housing is lower than that of early for better insulation,and per square foot energy consumption has declined.US residents live with a high level of energy service,but the total energy consumption nearly keep unchanged over the past three decades,which is closely related to the improvement of energy efficiency.For example,the ENERGY STAR program is a powerful method to promote energy conservation,and the mature energy statistics system provides a strong support for energy analysis.Compared to the US,China is hampered by higher proportion of solid fuels for cooking,shorter construction service life,and higher energy consumption of outside construction.Then we give some implications to China government,including improvement of energy statistics system,promotion of rural energy support programs and energy efficiency label,enhancement of construction planning,implement of construction energy consumption standard.