城市生活垃圾焚烧社会成本评估方法与应用——以北京市为例

中国缺乏生活垃圾管理成本核算,各类隐性补贴使生活垃圾焚烧社会成本被低估。本文将这一成本界定为社会因生活垃圾焚烧而承担的,以市场价核算的成本。基于生命周期评价(LCA)框架建立了城市生活垃圾焚烧社会成本核算方法,将该成本分为补贴项目与外部成本。前者包括固定成本、可变成本、税收减免,采用直接成本法、机会成本法、比较法计算;后者采用美国加州环保局热点分析计划建立的暴露途径分析方法,利用空气扩散模型(AERMOD)、空气扩散与风险评估工具(ADMRT)、"工资—风险"法计算二口恶英致癌健康损失。基于北京市运营的3座生活垃圾焚烧处理厂运营数据、排放参数、地形与气象参数对成本进行评估,结果表明:2015年北京市生活垃圾焚烧社会成本20.4亿元,相当于1 088.5元/t;其中,补贴项目占比30%,相当于324.5元/t,健康损失占比70%,相当于752.8元/t;垃圾处理费和电价补贴分别占补贴项目的 50.2%、20%,是焚烧厂的主要收入;生活垃圾管理"收集—转运—焚烧"全过程社会成本为42.2亿元,相当于2 253元/t,远高于40—300元/t的处理费标准。生活垃圾焚烧代价巨大但被隐蔽,又缺乏专门的危险空气污染物排放标准与健康风险评估,垃圾焚烧社会成本存在失控风险。建议:建立生活垃圾管理社会成本核算准则,实现成本显性化;明确生活垃圾管理社会成本降低目标,以强制源头分类、计量收费政策降低垃圾清运量、焚烧量;建立危险空气污染物定量风险评估制度,实施二口恶英减排。

Social cost accounting for municipal solid waste incineration in Beijing

China lacks cost accounting of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management.The existence of many kinds of hidden subsidies makes the cost underestimated.MSW incineration cost is defined as the cost borne by the society for the incineration and should be calculated according to the market price.Based on the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework,a social cost accounting method was established.The method divided the cost into subsidized and external costs.The former included fixed cost,variable cost,and tax relief,and were calculated using the direct cost method,opportunity cost method and the comparative method.The latter was calculated by the exposure path analysis of the hot spot analysis plan established by the California Environmental Protection Agency.The external cost was represented by the dioxin carcinogenic risk and could be calculated using the Aerodynamic Model (AERMOD),Air Dispersion Modeling & Risk Tool (ADMRT),and ‘ wages-risk’ method.Using the operational data,emission parameters,terrain and meteorological parameters of the three MSW incineration plants operating in Beijing,the social costs were calculated.The results showed that the social cost of MSW incineration in 2015 was 2.04 billion yuan,equivalent to 1 088.5 yuan/t.In the cost,the subsidy accounted for 30％,equivalent to 324.5 yuan/t,and health loss accounted for 70％,equivalent to 752.8 yuan/t.Waste disposal fees and electricity subsidies accounted for 50.2％ and 20％ of the subsidy respectively,which were the main income of the incineration plants.The cost of the whole process of ‘ collection-transfer-incineration’ of MSW management was 4.22 billion yuan,equivalent to 2 253 yuan/t.The cost was much higher than the 40-300 yuarn/t of the disposal fee.The cost of the MSW incineration was huge but most of which was concealed,and there was no specialized discharge standard and health risk evaluation of the hazardous air pollutants in China,which would make the cost of the MSW incineration out of control.The paper proposed following suggestions:First,establishing a social cost accounting standard for the MSW management to promote the cost transparent.Second,setting a cost reduction target for the MSW management,and carrying out the source classification and measurement fee policy to reduce the amount of MSW collected,transported and incinerated.Third,establishing a dangerous air pollutants quantitative risk assessment system and implementing the dioxin reduction.The findings above are meaningful for the changing of the end-based MSW management and the determining the garbage disposal fee.