生态补偿理论研究进展及争论——基于生态与社会关系的思考

生态补偿的概念自提出便受到学界和政府决策者的广泛关注,并迅速成为近20年来生态保护的主要政策手段。虽然基于生态补偿的政策手段被大范围使用,但是生态补偿的相关理论却处于发展与争论的阶段,该理论的适用性及对现实问题的剖析在实践过程中备受质疑。本文梳理了生态补偿理论发展及构建的过程,将其总结为生态系统服务概念的提出、生态系统服务价值评估方法的建立、以及生态系统服务市场机制的构建三个主要阶段。已有研究更多集中在生态补偿的具体实施层面,如补偿标准、补偿方式、效果评估等方面,但是对基础理论探讨不足。本文从生态补偿理论发展及构建的三个过程,综述了目前对生态补偿理论的讨论及争议,认为在处理"社会—生态"关系的核心问题上,尤其在一些长期依赖并利用自然资源的传统地区或者民族地区,目前学术界和政策决策者均对此问题缺乏深入的理解,这也是实践中生态补偿政策未达到理想效果的主要原因之一。最后,本文提出用"社会生态系统服务"一词代替目前所使用的"生态系统服务",这一概念有助于在理论上避免忽视社会系统及社会与生态系统二者之间的关系,减少不当外部政策干预。

Research progress and debate on the theory of payment for ecosystem services: based on the relationship between ecology and society

Payment for ecosystem services(PES) has been widely concerned by scholars and government policy makers,and quickly becomes the main device of ecological protection in the recent past 20 years.However,PES theory has not been studied profoundly,and the applicability of PES is still being questioned.This paper reviews the developmentand construction processof PES theory,and summerizes it as three main stages:the establishment ofecosystem service concept,valuation of ecosystem services,and the construction of market mechanism of ecosystem service.Many researches focused on the specific implementation of PES,such as compensation standards,cost effectiveness,sustainability,etc.,but few debates still exist about the basic theory.This article reviews the currently theoretical debate on PES,and suggests that existing academic field and policy makers are lack of in-depth understanding about relationship between society and ecology,especially in some areas where local communities have long-term dependenton natural resources.Based on this,this article proposed the ‘ social ecological system service'concept to replace the ‘ ecosystem services',which aims to avoid of neglecting overall impacts on social ecological system caused by over-emphasis on ecological system.