《巴黎协定》国家自主贡献下的新市场机制探析

环境产权化理论与生态现代化理论演绎出的碳市场被奉为解决碳排放"负外部性"的有效手段。《京都议定书》开创了"自上而下"模式的国际碳市场,但因未充分尊重缔约方自主和平等参与而成为一个封闭的"碳交易俱乐部"。京都机制的实践不足与碳市场的理论争议引发《巴黎协定》碳市场存废之争。《巴黎协定》的"国家自主贡献"标志着全球气候治理由"强制约束"向"自觉责任"的转向。基于新履约模式,缔约方形成四种新市场机制方案:基线与信用及碳交易机制、基线与信用"自上而下"或"自下而上"机制以及国际碳交易机制。为保障有效减缓并兼顾自主与平等参与,《巴黎协定》建立了"自上而下"基线与信用机制,但采取了与京都机制"项目"基线不同的"部门"基线。新市场机制对信用交易不再特殊限定,尊重缔约方参与和适用的自愿性;且以"部门"的总量约束为准入门槛对所有缔约方统一要求,体现出平等参与的特点;减排单位中植入可持续发展标准从而对新机制实施的总体效益予以"硬约束"。新机制将促进部门内的减排单位统一,为国际碳市场奠定规则基础。但其市场淡化与可持续发展植入亦将影响国家及区域碳市场异质化发展,不利于国际碳市场构建,其背弃配额交易,独采信用交易亦会抑制碳货币形成。中国建立国家碳市场旨在促进能源市场化改革和产业结构调整,将有利于中国履行"碳强度"和"非化石能源比重"的自主承诺,还将扭转经济增长对高碳排放的依赖,为未来中国履行强制减排责任奠定基础。

Analysis on new market mechanism under intended nationally determined contributions of Paris Agreement

Carbon Market,deduced from the theory of environmental property and ecological modernization,is regarded as an efficient tool to solve the negative externalities of carbon emission.The Kyoto Protocol established a'top-down'international carbon market which became a closed'carbon trading club'afterwards because of insufficient respect for the autonomous and equal participation of the parties.Theoretical dilemma of Carbon Market and Kyoto mechanisms practice defects raises the dispute upon Carbon Market of Paris Agreement.The'intended nationally determined contribution'(INDC) of the Paris Agreement marks the shift from'mandatory bind'to'voluntary responsibility'of global climate governance.The Parties raised four new market mechanism(NMM) proposals on the basis of the new compliance model.A baseline-and-Crediting and trading mechanism,centrally governed baseline-and-crediting mechanism,facilitative'bottom-up'baseline-and-crediting mechanism or International cap-and-trading.In order to ensure effective mitigation as well as taking into account of parties autonomous and equal participation,the Paris Agreement establishes a'top-down'baseline-and-crediting mechanism,but takes a'sector'baseline that is different from the Kyoto'project'baseline.The new market mechanism no longer imposes specifically limitationon on credit trading,respecting the autonomous participation of Parties.It takes the sector baseline as the uniform threshold for all parties,which reflects the equal participation of NMM.The NMM incorporates sustainable development standards into emission reduction units to impose constraint on overall benefits of enforcement of NMM.The NMM will promote the unification of units within the sector,laying the foundation for the international carbon market.However,the flexible and sustainable development incorporation will affect the heterogeneity development of the regional carbon market,which will not benefit the international carbon market.Meanwhile,the NMM abolished the cap-and-trading which would inhibit the formation of carbon currency.China's national carbon market aims to promote energy marketization reform and industrial restructuring,which would notonly be conducive to China to fulfill the'carbon intensity'and'non-fossil energy proportion'of the INDC,it also would reverse the high-carbon based economic growth,and lay the foundation for China to fulfill the mandatory emission reduction responsibility in the future.