Water-in-oil emulsion formation: A review of physics and mathematical modelling |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America;2. University of Maryland, Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD 21613, United States of America;3. New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102;4. ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Spring, TX 77339, United States of America;5. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America;1. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Napoli, Italy;2. Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Napoli, Italy;3. CEINGE, Biotecnologie avanzate, Napoli, Italy;1. RPS ASA, 55 Village Square Drive, South Kingstown, RI 02879, USA;2. Ocean Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA;3. PureLine Treatment Systems, 1241 N. Ellis Street, Bensenville, IL 60106, USA |
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| Abstract: | A literature review of the physics and modelling of water-in-oil emulsification is presented. The understanding of the physics of emulsion formation is still incomplete, but developing. The formation of emulsions is due to the surfactant-like action of polar compounds (resins) and asphaltenes in oil. These compounds act to maintain small (1–20 μm) droplets of water in oil. Volatile aromatic compounds in crude oils solubilize asphaltenes and resins. Crude oils containing lower quantities of these volatile compounds or BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) will form emulsions given sufficient turbulent sea energy. Oils may lose the BTEX component by weathering before being capable of forming stable emulsions. The kinetics and energy of formation of emulsions is not well understood. Emulsions are often reported to form rapidly after the necessary chemical conditions are achieved and where there is significant wave action or other turbulent energy. Oil spill models generally employ a first-order rate law (exponential) to predict emulsion formation. |
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