基于田块尺度的农田土壤和小麦籽粒镉砷铅污染特征及健康风险评价

以典型镉(Cd)、砷(As)和铅(Pb)复合污染农田为主要研究对象,在田块尺度上(纵向上受周边冶炼厂和污灌河流影响,横向上受道路交通影响)重点调查分析了农田土壤和小麦籽粒中Cd、As和Pb污染特征,并采用化学致癌物和化学非致癌物模型对小麦籽粒Cd、As和Pb含量进行了人体健康风险评价.结果表明,该农田土壤为中度污染水平,土壤Cd、As和Pb含量均有不同程度超标(GB 15618-2018),点位超标率分别为100%、 100%和36.7%;小麦籽粒中Cd和Pb含量超标率分别为76.7%和13.3%,As含量未超过食品安全国家标准(GB 2762-2017).在纵向上距冶炼厂和污灌河流不同距离土壤Cd、As和Pb含量无显著差异,但小麦籽粒中Cd和As含量差异显著,近组Cd和As含量比远组分别高14.9%和41.8%(P0.05).在横向上土壤和小麦籽粒Pb含量主要受道路交通影响,最近组土壤和籽粒Pb含量分别比最远组高78.9%和471%(P0.05).该典型污染农田中小麦籽粒Cd和As对成人和儿童均存在致癌风险(致癌风险值R_i1×10~(-4)),风险值CdAs,儿童成人,小麦籽粒Pb尚未产生健康风险.

Characteristics of Cd, As, and Pb in Soil and Wheat Grains and Health Risk Assessment of Grain-Cd/As/Pb on the Field Scale

In recent years, heavy metal pollution in farmlands has become increasingly serious because of human activities such as metal smelting, sewage irrigation, and road traffic in China. A field survey was conducted to investigate characteristics of Cd, As, and Pb in soil and wheat grains and assess the health risk of grain-Cd/As/Pb to humans on the fields scale. The farmland was influenced by smelter and sewage irrigation in the attitude and by road traffic in the horizon. The results showed that in farmland soil with moderate pollution levels, Cd, As, and Pb concentrations in soil samples all exceeded the risk screening values of farmland soil (GB 15618-2018), and the exceeding rates were 100%, 100%, and 36.7% respectively; the exceeding rates of Cd and Pb concentrations in wheat grains were 76.7% and 13.3%, respectively (GB 2762-2017). Distance from smelter, river of sewage irrigation, and road had no significant effect on Cd, As, and Pb concentrations in soil but had a significant effect on Cd and As concentrations in wheat grains, with the median Cd and As concentrations of the closest group being 14.9% and 41.8%, respectively, higher than the highest group (P<0.05). The Pb concentrations in soil and wheat grains were influenced by road traffic; the median Pb concentrations of the closest group were 78.9% and 471%, respectively, higher than the highest group (P<0.05). Cd and As in wheat grains have carcinogenic risks (R_i>1×10^-4), R_Cd > R_As, R_children > R_adult, while Pb poses no health risks in this farmland.