Phthalates in German daycare centers: Occurrence in air and dust and the excretion of their metabolites by children (LUPE 3) |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538 Munich, Germany;2. Berlin-Brandenburg State Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Protection, Invalidenstr. 60, D-10557 Berlin, Germany;3. North Rhine-Westphalia State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection, D-45659 Recklinghausen, Germany;4. University of Bremen, Department of Social Epidemiology, D-28359 Bremen, Germany;1. Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan;2. Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 21 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan;3. Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Division of Environment Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan;4. Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan;5. Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan;6. Fukushima Medical University, 80-6 Yagita-Shinnmei, Fukushima-City, 960-8164, Japan;7. Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan;8. Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, Dazaifu 818-0135, Japan;9. Asahikawa Medical University, 1-1-1 Midorigaoka Higashi 2 jo, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan;1. Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538 Munich, Germany;2. Berlin-Brandenburg State Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Protection, Invalidenstr. 60, D-10557 Berlin, Germany;3. Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany;4. North Rhine-Westphalia State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection, D-45659 Recklinghausen, Germany |
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| Abstract: | Phthalates have been used for decades in large quantities, leading to the ubiquitous exposure of the population.In an investigation of 63 German daycare centers, indoor air and dust samples were analyzed for the presence of 10 phthalate diesters. Moreover, 10 primary and secondary phthalate metabolites were quantified in urine samples from 663 children attending these facilities. In addition, the urine specimens of 150 children were collected after the weekend and before they went to daycare centers.Di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), dibutyl phthalate (DnBP), and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were found in the indoor air, with median values of 468, 227, and 194 ng/m3, respectively. In the dust, median values of 888 mg/kg for DEHP and 302 mg/kg for di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) were observed. DnBP and DiBP were together responsible for 55% of the total phthalate concentration in the indoor air, whereas DEHP and DiNP were responsible for 70% and 24% of the total phthalate concentration in the dust.Median concentrations in the urine specimens were 44.7 μg/l for the DiBP monoester, 32.4 μg/l for the DnBP monoester, and 16.5 μg/l and 17.9 μg/l for the two secondary DEHP metabolites. For some phthalates, we observed significant correlations between their concentrations in the indoor air and dust and their corresponding metabolites in the urine specimens using bivariate analyses. In multivariate analyses, the concentrations in dust were not associated with urinary metabolite excretion after controlling for the concentrations in the indoor air.The total daily “high” intake levels based on the 95th percentiles calculated from the biomonitoring data were 14.1 μg/kg b.w. for DiNP and 11.9 μg/kg b.w. for DEHP. Compared with tolerable daily intake (TDI) values, our “high” intake was 62% of the TDI value for DiBP, 49% for DnBP, 24% for DEHP, and 9% for DiNP. For DiBP, the total daily intake exceeded the TDI value for 2.4% of the individuals. Using a cumulative risk-assessment approach for the sum of DEHP, DnBP, and DiBP, 20% of the children had concentrations exceeding the hazard index of one. Therefore, a further reduction of the phthalate exposure of children is needed. |
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