Assessing and managing sediment contamination in transitional waters |
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| Institution: | 1. Golder Associates Ltd., 500-4260 Still Creek Drive, Burnaby, BC V5C 6C6, Canada;2. Center for Earth Observation Science, Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;3. Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;4. Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Aberta, Rua da Escola Politécnica, 141, 1269-001 Lisbon, Portugal;5. Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;1. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, 116th Street & Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA;2. Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA;3. Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK;4. Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;5. Department of Earth Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, 1 Normal Ave, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA;1. Research Center for Marine Biology and Carbon Sequestration, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China;2. Weihai Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Weihai, 264200, China;1. Canadian Rivers Institute and Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada;2. Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada;3. Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Sediment contamination remains a global problem, particularly in transitional waters such as estuaries and coastal lagoons, which are the recipients of chemicals from multiple near- and far-field sources. Although transitional waters are highly productive ecosystems, approaches for assessing and managing their sediment contamination are not as well developed as in marine and fresh waters. Further, although transitional waters remain defined by their variable and unique natural water quality characteristics, particularly salinity, the biota inhabiting such ecosystems, once thought to be defined by Remane's “paradox of brackish water”, are being redefined. The purpose of the present paper is to build on an earlier but now dated (> 12 years old) review of methods to assess sediment contamination in estuaries, extending this to all transitional waters, including information on integrative assessments and on management decision-making. The following are specifically discussed: chemical assessments; bioindicators; biomarkers; and, biological surveys. Assessment and management of sediment contamination in transitional waters need to be focused on ecosystem services and, where appropriate and possible, be proactive rather than reactive when uncertainty has been suitably reduced. |
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