Phytotoxicity of atrazine, isoproturon, and diuron to submersed macrophytes in outdoor mesocosms |
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Authors: | Stefanie Knauert Heinz Singer Katja Knauer |
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Affiliation: | a University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland b Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland c University of Basel, Program Sustainability Research, Klingelbergstr. 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland |
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Abstract: | The submersed macrophytes Elodea canadensis, Myriophyllum spicatum and Potamogeton lucens were constantly exposed over a five-week period to environmentally relevant concentrations of atrazine, isoproturon, diuron, and their mixture in outdoor mesocosms. Effects were evaluated investigating photosynthetic efficiency (PE) of the three macrophytes and growth of M. spicatum and E. canadensis. Adverse effects on PE were observed on days 2 and 5 after application. M. spicatum was found to be the more sensitive macrophyte. E. canadensis and P. lucens were less sensitive to atrazine, diuron and the mixture and insensitive to isoproturon. PE of M. spicatum was similarly affected by the single herbicides and the mixture demonstrating concentration addition. Growth of E. canadensis and M. spicatum was not reduced indicating that herbicide exposure did not impair plant development. Although PE measurements turned out to be a sensitive method to monitor PSII herbicides, plant growth remains the more relevant ecological endpoint in risk assessment. |
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Keywords: | Photosystem II inhibitors Species sensitivity In vivo chlorophyll fluorescence Growth Mixtures Aquatic plants |
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