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The influence of engineered Fe2O3 nanoparticles and soluble (FeCl3) iron on the developmental toxicity caused by CO2-induced seawater acidification |
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| Authors: | E Kadar F Simmance O Martin S Widdicombe JR Lead |
| Institution: | a Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK b Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, UK c School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK |
| Abstract: | An embryo development assay using a common test organism, the edible mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), exposed to both Fe2O3 nanoparticles and soluble FeCl3 at 3 acidic pHs, has provided evidence for the following: (1) CO2 enriched seawater adjusted to pH projections for carbon capture leakage scenarios (CCS) significantly impaired embryo development; (2) under natural pH conditions, no significant effect was detected following exposure of embryos to Fe, no matter if in nano- or soluble form; (3) at pH of natural seawater nano-Fe particles aggregate into large, polydisperse and porous particles, with no biological impact detected; (4) at pH 6 and 7, such aggregates may moderate the damage associated with CO2 enrichment as indicated by an increased prevalence of normal D-shell larvae when nano-Fe was present in the seawater at pH 7, while soluble iron benefited embryo development at pH 6, and (5) the observed effects of iron on pH-induced development toxicity were concentration dependent. |
| Keywords: | Iron pH Carbon capture and storage D-shell larvae Nanotoxicology |
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