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Identification of a phytotoxic photo-transformation product of diclofenac using effect-directed analysis |
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| Authors: | Tobias Schulze Sara Weiss Emma Schymanski Mechthild Schmitt-Jansen Georg Streck |
| Institution: | a UFZ Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany b UFZ Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany c Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Department of Chemical Risk Assessment, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany |
| Abstract: | The pharmaceutical diclofenac (DCF) is released in considerably high amounts to the aquatic environment. Photo-transformation of DCF was reported as the main degradation pathway in surface waters and was found to produce metabolites with enhanced toxicity to the green algae Scenedesmus vacuolatus. We identified and subsequently confirmed 2-2-(chlorophenyl)amino]benzaldehyde (CPAB) as a transformation product with enhanced toxicity using effect-directed analysis. The EC50 of CPAB (4.8 mg/L) was a factor of 10 lower than that for DCF (48.1 mg/L), due to the higher hydrophobicity of CPAB (log Kow = 3.62) compared with DCF (log Dow = 2.04) at pH 7.0. |
| Keywords: | Diclofenac 2-[2-(Chlorophenyl)amino]benzaldehyde Effect-directed analysis Photo-transformation Scenedesmus vacuolatus MODELKEY |
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