Flexibility in daily travel routines causes regional variation in bird migration speed |
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Authors: | Raymond H G Klaassen Roine Strandberg Mikael Hake Thomas Alerstam |
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Institution: | 1.Department of Animal Ecology,Lund University,Lund,Sweden;2.Grims? Wildlife Research Station,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,Riddarhyttan,Sweden |
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Abstract: | We used novel Global Positioning System-based satellite telemetry to reconstruct daily time budgets on travelling days of
a long-distance migrant, the Osprey Pandion haliaetus, to reveal how landscape affects migratory performance. We compared daily travel routines between the Ospreys’ passage of
Europe and the Sahara. In Europe, where feeding habitat is abundant, Ospreys fed both before–after flights and during interruptions,
thus, combining migration with foraging. This resulted in a 2.7-h shorter daily flight period in Europe than in the Sahara.
A calculated energy budget indicated that a ‘fly-and-forage migration strategy’ is favourable in Europe because associated
benefits (energy intake) more than outweigh costs (reduced flight time). The much shorter flight time in Europe was the main
explanation why Ospreys covered on average 78 km less distance on a travelling day in Europe than in the Sahara. In addition,
there were regional differences in hourly flight speeds that are most probably the result of variation in thermal soaring
conditions. We conclude that landscape properties have a profound effect on migration through regional variation in daily
routines. |
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Keywords: | Flight speed Habitat use Landscape ecology Satellite tracking Time budget |
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