南太湖地区小型浅水湖泊自净能力季节变化研究

以南太湖地区小型浅水湖泊为对象,研究了湖泊水体自净能力季节变化的特征.结果表明,湖泊对高锰酸盐指数、总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、总磷(TP)、叶绿素a(Chl-a)的净化能力季节性差异较大.各水质指标春季和冬季自净效果较好,夏季自净效果较差的是NH4+-N和NO3--N,秋季是TP和Chl-a.湖泊四季水体有机污染较轻,TN、TP污染严重.TN、TP浓度条件适宜藻类生长,水体容易发生富营养化,磷为限制性因子.Chl-a浓度显示湖泊在夏秋两季处于富营养化水平,冬春两季转变为中营养水平.浮游植物的生长与暴发对水质有较大影响,并影响到湖泊的自净能力.影响水体pH值和溶解氧(DO)浓度的主要因素是水生植物的种类和数量,农田肥料流失和农村生活污水排放是造成水体中氮磷含量过高的主要原因.过量使用有机肥使得夏季湖泊水体中有机氮占TN的主要部分,其他季节NO3--N占TN的主要部分.主成分分析结果表明,影响南太湖地区小型浅水湖泊自净能力的3个主成分分别为浮游植物因子(水温、pH、高锰酸盐指数和Chl-a)、农田排水因子(pH、DO和TN)和营养因子(TN和TP).聚类分析结果表明,3个湖泊11个采样点4个季节的水质可聚为两大类,春秋冬季为一类,夏季为一类,这一结果是受温度变化及农田排水所致.利用水温和pH拟合出用于计算湖泊水体中的高锰酸盐指数、TN、TP、Chl-a的线性方程,提高了现场快速预测能力.

Research on Seasonal Variation of Self-purification Ability for Small Shallow Lakes in South Lake Taihu

Seasonal variations of self-purification ability for small natural shallow lakes in South Lake Taihu were investigated. The results showed that seasonal difference of self-purification of permanganate index, total nitrogen (TN), ammonium (NH⁺₄-N), nitrate(NO^-₃-N),total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll (Chl-a) in small shallow lakes were remarkable. Effects of self-purification were better in spring and winter, and were worse in summer by NH⁺₄-N and NO^-₃-N and in autumn by TP and Chl-a. Organic pollution was light, TN and TP pollution were seriously in four seasons. Concentrations of TN and TP brought a well condition to algae growth, and lakes were eutrification easily by the limiting factor of phosphorus. Concentrations of Chl-a were showed that lakes were eutrophic in summer or autumn and mesotrophic in winter or spring. Growth and blooms of phytoplankton impacted water quality and self-purification of lakes. Species and quantity of aquatic plants were the main factors to affect the change of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO), and loss of fertilizer and domestic wastewater were the main reasons for high nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in lakes. Organic nitrogen was the main portion of TN by using excessive organic fertilizer in summer, NO^-₃-N was the main portion in other seasons. The principal component analysis result showed that the three principal components of self-purification ability were phytoplankton factor (water temperature, pH, permanganate index and Chl-a), farm drainage factor (pH, DO and TN), nutrient factor (TN and TP). The cluster analysis result showed that the water quality of four seasons in 11 sampling sites of three lakes could be divided into two categories: first, in spring, autumn and winter; second, in summer. This was caused by the temperature changes and agricultural drainage. Water temperature and pH were used to calculate the concentrations of permanganate index, TN, TP, Chl-a by linear equations, which improved the quick prediction ability in locale.